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to explain one's plans

  • 1 explain

    شَرَحَ \ comment: to speak about sth. (that one has noticed); give an opinion: He commented on your absence. The newspapers commented favourably on your speech at the meeting. explain: to make plain; show the meaning of; give reasons for: He explained his plans to us. Please explain your absence from school. \ See Also عَلَّق على

    Arabic-English glossary > explain

  • 2 expliquer

    expliquer [εksplike]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. to explain
       b. ( = élève) [+ texte] to analyse
    2. reflexive verb
       a. ( = donner des précisions) to explain o.s.
       b. ( = comprendre) to understand
       c. ( = être compréhensible) leur attitude s'explique: ils n'ont pas reçu notre lettre that explains their attitude: they didn't get our letter
    • tout s'explique ! it's all clear now!
       d. ( = parler clairement) s'expliquer bien/mal to express o.s. well/badly
       e. s'expliquer avec qn ( = discuter) to have a talk with sb ; ( = se disputer, se battre) to have it out with sb (inf)
    * * *
    ɛksplike
    1.
    1) ( enseigner) to explain (à to)
    2) ( être la raison) to account for
    3) École to analyze [passage]

    2.
    s'expliquer verbe pronominal
    2) ( être compréhensible) to be understandable
    4) ( se justifier) to explain (oneself) (auprès de, devant to)
    * * *
    ɛksplike vt

    Il m'a expliqué comment faire. — He explained to me how to do it.

    * * *
    expliquer verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( enseigner) to explain; explique-leur comment marche le chauffage explain to them how the heating works;
    2 ( donner la raison) to explain; je vais tout t'expliquer I'll explain everything;
    3 ( être la raison) to account for; le hasard n'explique pas tout chance doesn't account for everything;
    4 Scol to comment on, to analyze [passage].
    1 ( comprendre) s'expliquer qch to understand sth; je m'explique/ne m'explique pas pourquoi il a menti I understand ou see/I can't understand ou see why he lied; je m'explique qu'elle veuille rester I can quite see that she might want to stay;
    2 ( être compréhensible) to be understandable; leur amertume s'explique their bitterness is understandable; tout s'explique par le fait que les habitudes ont changé it's understandable, because times have changed; tout finira par s'expliquer everything will become clear; la chose s'explique d'elle-même it is self-explanatory;
    3 ( exposer sa pensée) je m'explique let me explain; elle s'explique bien/mal she expresses herself well/badly; sans doute me suis-je mal expliqué perhaps I didn't make myself clear; expliquez-vous sur ce point what do you mean exactly?;
    4 ( se justifier) to explain (oneself) (auprès de, devant to); le secrétaire devra s'expliquer auprès du comité the secretary will have to explain himself to the committee; s'expliquer sur son retard to explain one's late arrival;
    5 ( résoudre un conflit) ils se sont expliqués they talked things through; allez vous expliquer ailleurs go and sort it out somewhere else; s'expliquer à coups de poings to fight it out; s'expliquer à coups de revolver to shoot it out.
    [ɛksplike] verbe transitif
    1. [faire comprendre - événement, réaction, fonctionnement, etc..] to explain
    je me suis fait expliquer la procédure I asked ou got someone to explain the procedure to me
    2. [justifier - attitude, retard] to explain (away), to account for (inseparable)
    3. ÉDUCATION & UNIVERSITÉ [texte] to analyse, to make a critical analysis of, to comment on (inseparable)
    ————————
    s'expliquer verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    ————————
    sors, on va s'expliquer! (familier) we'll talk this over outside!
    ————————
    s'expliquer verbe pronominal intransitif
    s'expliquer sur [éclaircir]: s'expliquer sur ses intentions to make plain ou to explain one's intentions
    ————————
    s'expliquer verbe pronominal transitif
    [comprendre] to understand
    ————————
    s'expliquer avec verbe pronominal plus préposition
    1. [avoir une discussion avec] to talk things over with
    2. [se disputer avec] to have it out with

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > expliquer

  • 3 شرح

    شَرَحَ \ comment: to speak about sth. (that one has noticed); give an opinion: He commented on your absence. The newspapers commented favourably on your speech at the meeting. explain: to make plain; show the meaning of; give reasons for: He explained his plans to us. Please explain your absence from school. \ See Also عَلَّق على \ شَرَحَ بكلام آخر \ paraphrase: to express (any statement) in different (often simpler) words. \ شَرَحَ سَبَبَ... \ account for: to explain: give a reason for: How do you account for his absence?. \ شَرَحَ الصَّدْر \ exhilarate: to cheer greatly; make sb. feel fresh and strong and gay: We heard some exhilarating news. Mountain air always exhilarates me. \ شَرَحَ الصَّدْر \ cheer: to give comfort or courage to sb.: The good news cheered me. \ شَرَحَ موقفَه بوضوح \ explain oneself: to explain one’s ideas or actions.

    Arabic-English dictionary > شرح

  • 4 plan

    1. noun
    1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) plan
    2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) plan
    3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) plano

    2. verb
    1) ((sometimes with on) to intend (to do something): We are planning on going to Italy this year; We were planning to go last year but we hadn't enough money; They are planning a trip to Italy.) planear
    2) (to decide how something is to be done; to arrange (something): We are planning a party; We'll have to plan very carefully if we are to succeed.) planificar, proyectar
    3) (to design (a building, town etc): This is the architect who planned the building.) proyectar, diseñar, hacer los planos de
    •
    - planning
    - go according to plan
    - plan ahead
    plan1 n
    1. plan
    what are your holiday plans? ¿qué planes tienes para las vacaciones?
    2. plano
    plan2 vb planear / proyectar / pensar


    plan sustantivo masculino 1 (proyecto, programa) plan; plan de estudios syllabus 2 (fam) (cita, compromiso): ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight? 3 (fam) ( actitud): lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq); en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (intención) plan
    2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
    plan de estudios, curriculum
    plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
    3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
    no es plan, that's not a good idea
    no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out ' plan' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrupta - abrupto - anteproyecto - auspicio - boceto - bosquejar - chafar - concebir - cuajar - delinear - desactivar - descubrir - designio - dinamitar - efecto - fastidiar - garete - generar - idea - idear - instrumentación - inviable - juego - mantilla - mira - pensar - pergeñar - pique - plana - planear - planificar - plano - plazo - política - prever - programa - proyectar - proyecto - rechazar - rechazo - resultado - tortuosa - tortuosidad - tortuoso - trazar - tramar - traza - venta - ventura - viabilidad English: abort - abortive - action - alter - alteration - approachable - approve of - attractive - authenticity - backfire - beauty - benign - botch - bypass - cheap - concoct - contingency plan - cook up - crystallize - curriculum - delineate - design - despite - detailed - develop - development - devious - disappoint - discard - distinct - drum up - elaborate - emigrate - explain - fall apart - fall through - fallback - floor plan - follow through - foolproof - forecast - formulate - get-rich-quick - go - half-baked - hatch - hit on - hit upon - holiday - impractical
    tr[plæn]
    1 (scheme, arrangement) plan nombre masculino, proyecto
    ■ what are your plans for the weekend? ¿qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?
    2 (map, drawing, diagram) plano; (design) proyecto; (for essay) esquema nombre masculino
    ■ have you seen the plans for the new opera house? ¿has visto los planos de la nueva ópera?
    1 (make plans) planear, proyectar, planificar; (intend) pensar, tener pensado
    2 (make a plan of - house, garden, etc) hacer los planos de, diseñar, proyectar; (- economy, strategy) planificar
    1 (make preparations) hacer planes; (intend) pensar
    ■ we hadn't planned on rain! ¡no contábamos con que lloviera!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to go according to plan salir como estaba previsto, salir según lo previsto
    to plan for the future hacer planes para el futuro
    plan ['plæn] v, planned ; planning vt
    1) : planear, proyectar, planificar
    to plan a trip: planear un viaje
    to plan a city: planificar una ciudad
    2) intend: tener planeado, proyectar
    plan vi
    : hacer planes
    plan n
    1) diagram: plano m, esquema m
    2) scheme: plan m, proyecto m, programa m
    to draw up a plan: elaborar un proyecto
    n.
    • dibujo s.m.
    • diseño s.m.
    • esbozo s.m.
    • esquema s.m.
    • máquina s.f.
    • plan s.m.
    • plano s.m.
    • planta s.f.
    • programa s.m.
    • proyecto s.m.
    • traza s.f.
    • trazado s.m.
    v.
    • idear v.
    • meditar v.
    • planear v.
    • planificar v.
    • plantear v.
    • proyectar v.
    • trazar v.
    plæn
    I
    1)
    a) (diagram, map) plano m

    seating plan — disposición f de los comensales

    to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano

    b) (of book, essay) esquema m
    2) (arrangement, scheme) plan m

    to go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan

    do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?

    to make a plan — hacer* un plan


    II
    1.
    - nn- transitive verb
    a) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema de

    as planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado

    b) ( intend)

    to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?


    2.
    vi

    to plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [plæn]
    1. N
    1) (=scheme) proyecto m, plan m

    • plan of action, action plan — plan m de acción

    • plan of attack/ campaign — (Mil) (also fig) plan m de ataque/de campaña

    • to draw up a plan — elaborar un proyecto, hacer or redactar un plan

    • an exercise plan — una tabla or un programa de ejercicios

    • a five-year plan — un plan quinquenal

    • to make plans for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futuro

    • a peace plan — un proyecto or un plan de paz

    business, instalment, master, pension
    2) (=idea, intention) plan m

    do you have any plans for the weekend? — ¿tienes planes para el fin de semana?

    • if everything goes according to plan — si todo sale como está previsto or planeado

    • the best plan is to call first — lo mejor es llamar primero

    • a change of plan — un cambio de planes

    3) (=diagram, map) plano m ; seating
    4) (=outline) [of story, essay] esquema m
    5) (Archit, Tech) (often pl) plano m
    2. VT
    1) (=organize) [+ schedule, event, crime] planear; [+ party, surprise] preparar; [+ route] planificar, planear; [+ essay] hacer un esquema de, planear; [+ family] planificar

    • as planned — según lo previsto, como estaba planeado

    2) (=intend)

    how long do you plan to stay? — ¿cuánto tiempo piensas quedarte?

    what do you plan to do after college? — ¿qué tienes pensado hacer después de la universidad?, ¿qué te has propuesto hacer después de la universidad?

    3) (=design) diseñar
    3.

    • to plan for sth, it is advisable to plan for retirement — es aconsejable que se hagan planes para la jubilación

    to plan for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futuro

    * * *
    [plæn]
    I
    1)
    a) (diagram, map) plano m

    seating plan — disposición f de los comensales

    to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano

    b) (of book, essay) esquema m
    2) (arrangement, scheme) plan m

    to go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan

    do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?

    to make a plan — hacer* un plan


    II
    1.
    - nn- transitive verb
    a) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema de

    as planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado

    b) ( intend)

    to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?


    2.
    vi

    to plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > plan

  • 5 proyecto

    m.
    1 project.
    2 plan (plan).
    tener en proyecto hacer algo to be planning to do something
    4 draft.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: proyectar.
    * * *
    ■ ¿qué proyectos tenéis para el año próximo? what are your plans for next year?
    2 (plan) project
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    project, plan, scheme
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=intención) plan
    2) (Téc) plan, design; (=idea) project
    3) (Econ) detailed estimate
    4) (Pol)
    5) (Univ)

    proyecto de fin de carrera, proyecto final de carrera — [práctico] final-year project; [teórico] final-year dissertation

    * * *
    a) ( plan) plan

    ¿que proyectos tienes para el próximo año? — what are your plans for next year?

    tiene varios trabajos/un viaje en proyecto — she has several projects in the pipeline/she's planning a trip

    b) ( trabajo) project
    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing
    * * *
    = brief, effort, framework, initiative, plan, project, scheme, venture, blueprint, project work.
    Ex. The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex. Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex. Two major projects in this area have been conducted to date.
    Ex. There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    Ex. However rudimentary or advanced the system, and no matter what the age of the children involved, certain matters should be considered before setting out on the venture.
    Ex. In his book on the subject Hopkins lists and describes more than 600 such policy blueprints prepared by the Commission during the period 1958-1978.
    Ex. For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    ----
    * convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = call for projects, project plan, call for proposals.
    * CRISP (Recuperación Automatizada de Información sobre Proyectos Científicos) = CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects).
    * desarrollar un proyecto = develop + project.
    * embarcarse en un proyecto = embark on + venture, embark on + project.
    * emprender un proyecto = undertake + project.
    * en proyecto = in the pipeline.
    * gestión mediante proyectos = project management.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * iniciar un proyecto = launch + effort.
    * llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.
    * memoria de un proyecto = project report.
    * plazo de presentación de proyectos = call for proposals.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * promover un proyecto = launch + project, launch + effort.
    * propuesta de proyecto = project proposal.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * proyecto artístico = art project.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * proyecto común = joint venture.
    * proyecto conjunto = cooperative venture, joint project.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * proyecto de automatización = automation project.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * proyecto de conversión = conversion project.
    * proyecto de digitalización = electronic project [e-project], digitisation project.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.
    * proyecto de marketing = marketing project.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * proyecto educativo = education project.
    * proyecto empresarial = business venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * proyecto en curso = work in progress.
    * proyecto experimental = experimental project.
    * proyecto favorito = pet project.
    * Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).
    * proyecto original = brain child [brainchild].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * proyecto piloto = pilot project, trial project, pilot scheme.
    * Proyecto sobre Metadatos del Dublin Core = Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI).
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.
    * * *
    a) ( plan) plan

    ¿que proyectos tienes para el próximo año? — what are your plans for next year?

    tiene varios trabajos/un viaje en proyecto — she has several projects in the pipeline/she's planning a trip

    b) ( trabajo) project
    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing
    * * *
    = brief, effort, framework, initiative, plan, project, scheme, venture, blueprint, project work.

    Ex: The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: These discussions will influence subsequent planning initiatives with regard to the design and layout of the new building.
    Ex: Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex: Two major projects in this area have been conducted to date.
    Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    Ex: However rudimentary or advanced the system, and no matter what the age of the children involved, certain matters should be considered before setting out on the venture.
    Ex: In his book on the subject Hopkins lists and describes more than 600 such policy blueprints prepared by the Commission during the period 1958-1978.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    * convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = call for projects, project plan, call for proposals.
    * CRISP (Recuperación Automatizada de Información sobre Proyectos Científicos) = CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects).
    * desarrollar un proyecto = develop + project.
    * embarcarse en un proyecto = embark on + venture, embark on + project.
    * emprender un proyecto = undertake + project.
    * en proyecto = in the pipeline.
    * gestión mediante proyectos = project management.
    * grupo del proyecto = project team.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * iniciar un proyecto = launch + effort.
    * llevar a cabo un proyecto = carry out + project, undertake + project, develop + project.
    * memoria de un proyecto = project report.
    * plazo de presentación de proyectos = call for proposals.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * presentación de un proyecto de manera convincente = business case.
    * presentar un proyecto = submit + project, present + project.
    * promover un proyecto = launch + project, launch + effort.
    * propuesta de proyecto = project proposal.
    * propuesta de proyecto de investigación = research proposal.
    * proyecto artístico = art project.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * proyecto común = joint venture.
    * proyecto conjunto = cooperative venture, joint project.
    * Proyecto Cooperativo de Mecanización de las Bibliotecas de Birmingham (BLCMP = Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project (BLCMP).
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * proyecto de automatización = automation project.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * proyecto de colaboración = joint venture.
    * proyecto de construcción = construction project.
    * proyecto de conversión = conversion project.
    * proyecto de digitalización = electronic project [e-project], digitisation project.
    * proyecto de investigación = research project, research initiative.
    * proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.
    * proyecto de marketing = marketing project.
    * proyecto de reforma = renovation project.
    * proyecto de renovación = renovation project.
    * proyecto de trabajo = work project.
    * proyecto educativo = education project.
    * proyecto empresarial = business venture.
    * proyecto en colaboración = collaborative project.
    * proyecto en común = joint effort.
    * proyecto en curso = work in progress.
    * proyecto experimental = experimental project.
    * proyecto favorito = pet project.
    * Proyecto Nacional de Lectura Optica de Textos de Agricultura (NATDP) = National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP).
    * proyecto original = brain child [brainchild].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * proyecto piloto = pilot project, trial project, pilot scheme.
    * Proyecto sobre Metadatos del Dublin Core = Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI).
    * realizar un proyecto = conduct + project, undertake + project.

    * * *
    1 (plan) plan
    tiene el proyecto de formar su propia empresa he plans to set up his own business
    es un proyecto muy ambicioso it is a very ambitious project o plan
    tienen en proyecto publicarlo en marzo they plan to publish it in March
    tiene varios trabajos en proyecto she has several projects in the pipeline
    todo se quedó en proyecto it never got beyond the planning stage
    2 (diseño) plan, design
    3 ( Arquit, Ing) plans and costings (pl)
    Compuesto:
    bill
    * * *

     

    Del verbo proyectar: ( conjugate proyectar)

    proyecto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    proyectó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    proyectar    
    proyecto    
    proyectó
    proyectar ( conjugate proyectar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( planear) to plan;

    2

    ‹ diapositivas› to project, show
    b) ‹ sombra› to cast;

    ‹ luz› to throw, project
    proyecto sustantivo masculino
    a) ( plan) plan;

    ◊ ¿qué proyectos tienes para el próximo año? what are your plans for next year?;

    tiene un viaje en proyecto she's planning a trip;
    proyecto de ley bill

    c) (Arquit, Ing) plans and costing

    proyectar verbo transitivo
    1 (luz) to project, throw: estos focos proyectan una luz intensa, these spotlights are very intense
    (una sombra, silueta) to cast: mi mano proyecta su sombra sobre la pared, my hand casts a shadow on the wall
    2 (un chorro, etc) to send out, give out [hacia, at]
    3 (una película) to show
    4 (una casa, un edificio) to design
    5 (planear) to plan
    proyecto sustantivo masculino
    1 (idea) plan
    tener algo en proyecto, to be planning sthg
    2 (de trabajo) project
    director de proyecto, project manager
    3 (escrito, dibujo) designs
    4 (de una ley) bill
    ' proyecto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - abandonar
    - abandono
    - acariciar
    - accionariado
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - aire
    - anquilosar
    - anticipo
    - aprovechar
    - bosquejo
    - capitanear
    - cobrar
    - compilación
    - cumplir
    - definida
    - definido
    - desarrollar
    - desechar
    - distinguirse
    - duda
    - elaborar
    - elaboración
    - empresa
    - encantada
    - encantado
    - encarrilar
    - esbozar
    - esperanza
    - exposición
    - fastidiar
    - frustrada
    - frustrado
    - idea
    - impracticable
    - ley
    - mantilla
    - naufragar
    - obra
    - opositor
    - opositora
    - paralizarse
    - pero
    - pincelada
    - programa
    - rasgo
    - realizarse
    - recta
    - renunciar
    English:
    abandon
    - adjourn
    - agree
    - air
    - alter
    - alteration
    - back out
    - bill
    - canvass
    - carry out
    - carry through
    - chart
    - clearance
    - crop up
    - done
    - ecological
    - estimate
    - explain
    - forge
    - formulate
    - go-ahead
    - grant
    - groundwork
    - implement
    - inaugurate
    - inauguration
    - ingenuity
    - large-scale
    - level with
    - mad
    - minimal
    - pilot scheme
    - prodigious
    - progress
    - project
    - proposal
    - scheme
    - set aside
    - shelve
    - show
    - sink
    - sketch
    - small-scale
    - think through
    - time limit
    - unstuck
    - wisdom
    - argue
    - driving
    - go
    * * *
    1. [plan] plan;
    tener en proyecto hacer algo to be planning to do sth;
    tengo el proyecto de viajar cuando me jubile I'm planning to travel when I retire
    2. [programa] project;
    un proyecto de investigación a research project
    Proyecto Genoma Humano Human Genome Project
    3. [diseño] [de edificio] design;
    [de pieza, maquinaria] plan
    4. [borrador] draft
    proyecto de ley bill
    5. Educ proyecto (de) fin de carrera final project [completed after the end of architecture or engineering degree];
    proyecto de investigación [de un grupo] research project;
    [de una persona] dissertation
    * * *
    m
    1 ( plan) plan;
    2 trabajo project
    * * *
    1) : plan, project
    2)
    * * *
    1. (trabajo) project
    2. (propósito) plan

    Spanish-English dictionary > proyecto

  • 6 وضح

    وَضَّحَ \ clarify: to make easier to understand ; make clear or make (a liquid) pure: This statement needs clarifying. clear: to make clear; free from anything that gets in the way: Please clear the table. explain: to make plain; show the meaning of; give reasons for: He explained his plans to us. Please explain your absence from school. throw light on: to explain; make clear: Can you throw any light on his disappearance?. \ وَضَّحَ (عمليًّا)‏ \ demonstrate: to show sth. so as to explain it or make it known: Science teachers can demonstrate how acids work. The shopkeeper was demonstrating a new kind of electric cooker. \ See Also بين (بَيَّن)‏ \ وَضَّحَ \ illustrate: to show the meaning of (something) by giving related examples. \ See Also شَرَح بالأمثلة والصور، إلخ \ وَضَّحَ آراءَه \ explain onself: to explain one’s ideas or actions.

    Arabic-English dictionary > وضح

  • 7 cuenta

    f.
    1 count.
    echar cuentas to reckon up
    llevar/perder la cuenta de to keep/lose count of
    cuenta atrás countdown
    2 sum.
    3 account (finance, Com & Inform).
    abonar/cargar algo en cuenta a alguien to credit/debit something to somebody's account
    abrir una cuenta to open an account
    llevar las cuentas to keep the books
    pagar mil euros a cuenta to pay a thousand euros down
    cuenta bancaria bank account
    cuenta comercial business account
    cuenta conjunta joint account
    cuenta de crédito current account with an overdraft facility
    cuenta de depósito deposit account
    cuenta deudora overdrawn account
    cuenta de explotación operating statement
    cuenta de inversión investment account
    cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss account
    cuenta a plazo fijo deposit account
    4 bill (factura).
    domiciliar una cuenta to pay an account by direct debit
    pasar la cuenta to send the bill
    cuenta por cobrar/pagar account receivable/payable
    cuenta de gastos expense account
    5 responsibility.
    déjalo de mi cuenta leave it to me
    trabajar por cuenta propia/ajena to be self-employed/an employee
    6 bead.
    7 calculation.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: contar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: contar.
    * * *
    1 (bancaria) account
    2 (factura) bill
    3 (cálculo) count, counting
    \
    caer en la cuenta to realize
    ■ y entonces caí en la cuenta de que... and then I realized that..., and then it dawned on me that...
    cargar algo en cuenta de alguien to charge something to somebody's account
    dar a cuenta to give on account
    dar cuenta de algo (comunicar) to report something 2 (acabar) to polish something off
    habida cuenta de taking into account
    hacer cuentas to do sums
    la cuenta de la vieja familiar counting on one's fingers
    más de la cuenta too much, too many
    pasar la cuenta to send the bill
    pedir cuentas to ask for an explanation
    por cuenta de la casa on the house
    por la cuenta que le trae in one's own interest
    sacar cuentas to work out
    tener en cuenta to take into account
    trabajar por cuenta propia to be self-employed
    traer cuenta to be worthwhile
    cuenta al descubierto overdrawn account
    cuenta atrás countdown
    cuenta corriente current account
    cuenta bancaria bank account
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) bill, check
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Mat) (=operación) calculation, sum

    • echar o hacer cuentas, vamos a hacer cuentas de lo que ha costado la fiesta — let's work out how much the party cost

    no paraba de echar cuentas con los dedos — she kept doing sums o adding things up on her fingers

    la cuenta de la vieja —

    su hijo tiene 35, así que por la cuenta de la vieja ella debe de tener 60 — her son's 35, so I guess she must be 60

    claro 1., 2), c)
    2) (=cálculo) count

    • llevar la cuenta (de algo) — to keep count (of sth)

    • perder la cuenta (de algo) — to lose count (of sth)

    • salir a cuenta, sale más a cuenta — it works out cheaper

    más de la cuenta —

    salirle las cuentas a algn —

    3) (=factura) bill; [de restaurante] bill, check (EEUU)

    ¿nos puede traer la cuenta? — could we have o could you bring us the bill, please?

    • pasar la cuenta a algn — to send sb the bill

    • pedir la cuenta — to ask for the bill

    • vivir a cuenta de algn — to live at sb's expense

    4) (Econ) [en banco] account

    "únicamente en cuenta del beneficiario" — "payee only"

    • a cuenta — on account

    • abonar una cantidad en cuenta a algn — to credit a sum to sb's account

    • abrir una cuenta — to open an account

    • liquidar una cuenta — to settle an account

    cuenta corriente — current account, checking account (EEUU)

    cuenta de ahorro(s) — deposit account, savings account

    cuenta de crédito — credit account, loan account

    cuenta pendiente — unpaid bill, outstanding account

    5) (Internet) account
    6) [en disputa]

    • ajustar cuentas con algn — to settle one's scores with sb

    • arreglar las cuentas a algn — Méx * to punish sb

    • tener cuentas pendientes con algn — to have unfinished business with sb

    • no querer cuentas con algn — to want nothing to do with sb

    7) (=explicación)

    • dar cuenta de algo — (=informar) to recount sth, report sth; (=acabar) to finish sth off

    • exigir o pedir cuentas a algn — to call sb to account, bring sb to book

    • rendir cuentas a algn — to report to sb

    • en resumidas cuentas — in short, in a nutshell

    8) (=consideración)

    • caer en la cuenta (de algo) — to catch on (to sth), see the point (of sth)

    por fin cayó en la cuenta — he finally caught on, the penny finally dropped

    • darse cuenta — (=enterarse) to realize; (=ver) to notice

    perdona, no me había dado cuenta de que eras vegetariano — sorry, I didn't realize (that) you were a vegetarian

    ¿te has dado cuenta de que han cortado el árbol? — did you notice (that) they've cut down the tree?

    hay que darse cuenta de que... — one must not forget that...

    ¡date cuenta! ¿tú crees que es posible tener tanta cara? — just look at that, can you believe that anyone could have such a cheek!

    ¿te das cuenta? — Arg can you believe it!

    • habida cuenta de eso — bearing that in mind

    • haz cuenta de que no voy — esp LAm just imagine I'm not going

    • tener en cuenta — to take into account, bear in mind

    también hay que tener en cuenta su edad — you must also take her age into account, you must also bear in mind her age

    imponen sus ideas sin tener en cuenta la opinión de la gente de la calle — they impose their ideas without taking ordinary people's opinions into consideration

    • tomar algo en cuenta a algn — to hold sth against sb

    está borracho y no sabe lo que dice, no se lo tomes en cuenta — he's drunk and doesn't know what he's saying, don't take any notice of him o don't hold it against him

    • traer cuenta, no me trae cuenta ir — it's not worth my while going

    lo harán por la cuenta que les trae o tiene — they'll do it if they know what's good for them

    9) (=responsabilidad)

    por mi cuenta — (=solo) on my own

    • trabajar por cuenta ajena — to be an employee

    • trabajar por cuenta propia — to work for o.s., be self-employed

    • por cuenta y riesgo de algn — at one's own risk

    lo hizo por su cuenta y riesgo, sin consultar a nadie — she did it off her own bat, without consulting anyone

    apañar 2.
    10) [en embarazo]

    está fuera de cuentas, ha salido de cuentas — she's due

    11) [de rosario, collar] bead
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (operación, cálculo) calculation, sum

    saca la cuenta — add it up, work it out

    voy a tener que hacer or sacar or echar cuentas — I'm going to have to do some calculations o sums

    luego hacemos cuentas — we'll sort it out o work it out later

    a or al fin de cuentas — after all; at the end of the day

    las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso — (hum) short reckonings make long friends

    las cuentas claras conservan la amistad — (CS) short reckonings make long friends

    b) cuentas femenino plural ( contabilidad)

    encárgate tú de organizarlo, yo me ocupo de las cuentas — you take care of the organization, and I'll handle the money side (of things) (colloq)

    2)
    a) ( cómputo) count

    llevar/perder la cuenta — to keep/lose count

    por la cuenta que me/te/le trae — (Esp) I'd/you'd/he'd better! (colloq)

    salir de cuenta(s) — (Esp fam) to be due (colloq)

    salir más a or (RPl) en cuenta — to work out cheaper

    traer cuenta — (Esp)

    b) ( en béisbol) count
    3)
    a) ( factura) bill

    ¿nos trae la cuenta, por favor? — could we have the check (AmE) o (BrE) bill, please?

    la cuenta del gas/teléfono — the gas/phone bill

    b)

    entregó $2.000 a cuenta — she gave me/him/them $2,000 on account

    4)
    a) (Com, Fin) (en un banco, un comercio) account

    abrir/cerrar una cuenta — to open/close an account

    b) ( negocio) account
    5) cuentas femenino plural (explicaciones, razones)

    ajustarle las cuentas a alguien — to give somebody a piece of one's mind

    dar cuenta de algo — (de noticias, sucesos) to give an account of something; de alimentos) to polish something off (colloq)

    6) (cargo, responsabilidad)

    por/de cuenta de alguien: corre por cuenta de la empresa it's covered o paid o met by the company; la cena corre por mi cuenta dinner's on me (colloq); los deterioros serán de cuenta del inquilino the tenant will be liable for any damage; decidí editarlo por mi cuenta I decided to publish it at my own expense; se instaló por su cuenta she set up (in business) on her own; trabaja por cuenta propia she works freelance, she's self-employed; los trabajadores por cuenta ajena those who work as employees; decidí lo hice por mi propia cuenta y riesgo — I took it upon myself to do it

    ni se dio cuenta de que... — he didn't even notice (that)...

    eso me contestó! ¿tú te das cuenta? — that's what he said! can you believe it?

    ten en cuenta que es joven — bear in mind o remember that he's young

    no se lo tomes en cuenta no lo hace con mala idea don't take it seriously, she doesn't do it on purpose; ¿a cuenta de qué...? (AmL fam) why...?; a cuenta de que... just because...; caer en la cuenta de algo to realize something; no caí en la cuenta... I didn't realize...; habida cuenta de (frml) in view of; hacer cuenta que: haz (de) cuenta que lo has perdido you may as well give it up for lost; tú haz (de) cuenta (de) que yo no estoy aquí — pretend I'm not here

    8) (de un collar, rosario) bead
    II
    cuentas, etc see contar
    * * *
    = bead, bill, tally [tallies, pl.], account, count, check.
    Ex. The abacus, with its beads strung on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world.
    Ex. At the end of the month a machine can readily be made to read these and to print an ordinary bill.
    Ex. As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.
    Ex. This enables people to draw cash by means of a debit card (as opposed to a credit card, to help distinguish between money that is in one's account and money being borrowed from the credit-card organization).
    Ex. Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.
    Ex. What is the protocol these days when it comes to paying the check on a first date (dinner, movie, coffee, etc.)?.
    ----
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a final de cuentas = after all is said and done.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * ajustar cuentas = settle + a score, settle + things, get + even.
    * ajuste de cuentas = grudge fight, grudge match, settling of scores.
    * al final de cuentas = when all is said and done.
    * antes de darse cuenta = before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * balance de cuentas = financial statement.
    * bomba de relojería + empezar la cuenta atrás = time bomb + tick away.
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * cada cual por su cuenta = every man for himself.
    * caer en la cuenta = dawn on, wise up, the penny dropped, suss (out).
    * caer en la cuenta de = realise [realize, -USA].
    * calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * cuenta atrás = count down, countdown.
    * cuenta bancaria = bank account.
    * cuenta complementaria = satellite account.
    * cuenta corriente = current account, checking account, deposit account.
    * cuenta de ahorro(s) = deposit account, savings account.
    * cuenta de correo electrónico = email account.
    * cuenta espermática = sperm count.
    * cuentas = statistics.
    * dar cuenta = render + an account of.
    * dar cuenta de = account for.
    * dar cuenta de Algo = be held to account.
    * dar la cuenta atrás = count + Nombre + out.
    * darse cuenta = become + aware, dawn on, detect, perceive, find, note, make + aware, come to + realise, wise up, reach + understanding, eye + catch, strike + home, suss (out), hit + home.
    * darse cuenta de = be aware of, be cognisant of, realise [realize, -USA], sense, wake up to, become + cognisant of, see through.
    * darse cuenta del peligro que = see + the danger that.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * empezar a darse cuenta de = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * en resumidas cuentas = after all, in short, in a nutshell, in sum, to sum up, to sum it up, to cut a long story short, bottom line, the, in essence, to make a long story short, all in all, all in all, the short story + be.
    * estado de cuentas = financial statement.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * extracto de cuentas = bank statement.
    * fichero de cuentas = accounting file.
    * gastar más de la cuenta = overspend.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hablar más de la cuenta = shoot + Posesivo + mouth off.
    * hacer Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, cut + Posesivo + losses, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacer cuadrar las cuentas = reconcile + receipts.
    * hacer el balance de cuentas = balance + the cash drawer.
    * hacer la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * llevar la cuenta = tally.
    * llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * más de la cuenta = one too many.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * no darse cuenta de = sneak under + the radar, go + unnoticed.
    * no darse de cuenta de = be blind to.
    * no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, skip, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * organizar Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * pedirle cuentas a Alguien = bring + Nombre + to book.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * que no tienen que rendir cuentas a nadie = unaccountable.
    * rendición de cuentas = accountability.
    * rendir cuentas = render + an account of, bring + Nombre + to book.
    * rendir cuentas a = report to.
    * saber hacer cuentas = be numerate.
    * saldar una cuenta = settle + an account.
    * saldo de cuenta bancaria = bank balance.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sentir que no tienen en cuenta a Alguien = feel + left out.
    * sin darme cuenta = before I know what's happened.
    * sin darnos cuenta = out of sight.
    * sin darse cuenta = inadvertently, unwittingly, without realising, without noticing, unconsciously, unknowingly.
    * sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.
    * tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.
    * tenerse muy en cuenta por = carry + weight with.
    * téngase en cuenta = witness.
    * téngase en cuenta que = Note that....
    * teniendo en cuenta = on the basis of.
    * teniendo en cuenta que = providing (that).
    * titular de cuenta bancaria = bank account holder.
    * titular de la cuenta = account holder.
    * trabajador por cuenta propia = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * vender a cuenta = trade for + credit.
    * viajero por su cuenta = independent traveller.
    * y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (operación, cálculo) calculation, sum

    saca la cuenta — add it up, work it out

    voy a tener que hacer or sacar or echar cuentas — I'm going to have to do some calculations o sums

    luego hacemos cuentas — we'll sort it out o work it out later

    a or al fin de cuentas — after all; at the end of the day

    las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso — (hum) short reckonings make long friends

    las cuentas claras conservan la amistad — (CS) short reckonings make long friends

    b) cuentas femenino plural ( contabilidad)

    encárgate tú de organizarlo, yo me ocupo de las cuentas — you take care of the organization, and I'll handle the money side (of things) (colloq)

    2)
    a) ( cómputo) count

    llevar/perder la cuenta — to keep/lose count

    por la cuenta que me/te/le trae — (Esp) I'd/you'd/he'd better! (colloq)

    salir de cuenta(s) — (Esp fam) to be due (colloq)

    salir más a or (RPl) en cuenta — to work out cheaper

    traer cuenta — (Esp)

    b) ( en béisbol) count
    3)
    a) ( factura) bill

    ¿nos trae la cuenta, por favor? — could we have the check (AmE) o (BrE) bill, please?

    la cuenta del gas/teléfono — the gas/phone bill

    b)

    entregó $2.000 a cuenta — she gave me/him/them $2,000 on account

    4)
    a) (Com, Fin) (en un banco, un comercio) account

    abrir/cerrar una cuenta — to open/close an account

    b) ( negocio) account
    5) cuentas femenino plural (explicaciones, razones)

    ajustarle las cuentas a alguien — to give somebody a piece of one's mind

    dar cuenta de algo — (de noticias, sucesos) to give an account of something; de alimentos) to polish something off (colloq)

    6) (cargo, responsabilidad)

    por/de cuenta de alguien: corre por cuenta de la empresa it's covered o paid o met by the company; la cena corre por mi cuenta dinner's on me (colloq); los deterioros serán de cuenta del inquilino the tenant will be liable for any damage; decidí editarlo por mi cuenta I decided to publish it at my own expense; se instaló por su cuenta she set up (in business) on her own; trabaja por cuenta propia she works freelance, she's self-employed; los trabajadores por cuenta ajena those who work as employees; decidí lo hice por mi propia cuenta y riesgo — I took it upon myself to do it

    ni se dio cuenta de que... — he didn't even notice (that)...

    eso me contestó! ¿tú te das cuenta? — that's what he said! can you believe it?

    ten en cuenta que es joven — bear in mind o remember that he's young

    no se lo tomes en cuenta no lo hace con mala idea don't take it seriously, she doesn't do it on purpose; ¿a cuenta de qué...? (AmL fam) why...?; a cuenta de que... just because...; caer en la cuenta de algo to realize something; no caí en la cuenta... I didn't realize...; habida cuenta de (frml) in view of; hacer cuenta que: haz (de) cuenta que lo has perdido you may as well give it up for lost; tú haz (de) cuenta (de) que yo no estoy aquí — pretend I'm not here

    8) (de un collar, rosario) bead
    II
    cuentas, etc see contar
    * * *
    = bead, bill, tally [tallies, pl.], account, count, check.

    Ex: The abacus, with its beads strung on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world.

    Ex: At the end of the month a machine can readily be made to read these and to print an ordinary bill.
    Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.
    Ex: This enables people to draw cash by means of a debit card (as opposed to a credit card, to help distinguish between money that is in one's account and money being borrowed from the credit-card organization).
    Ex: Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.
    Ex: What is the protocol these days when it comes to paying the check on a first date (dinner, movie, coffee, etc.)?.
    * a cuenta de = at the expense of.
    * a cuenta de la empresa = at company expense.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * a cuenta propia = at + Posesivo + expense, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * a final de cuentas = after all is said and done.
    * a fin de cuentas = at the end of the day, in the end, in the final count, in the grand scheme of things, when all is said and done, after all is said and done.
    * ajustar cuentas = settle + a score, settle + things, get + even.
    * ajuste de cuentas = grudge fight, grudge match, settling of scores.
    * al final de cuentas = when all is said and done.
    * antes de darse cuenta = before + Pronombre + know what + happen, before + Pronombre + know it.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * balance de cuentas = financial statement.
    * bomba de relojería + empezar la cuenta atrás = time bomb + tick away.
    * borrón y cuenta nueva = a fresh start, clean slate, new leaf.
    * cada cual por su cuenta = every man for himself.
    * caer en la cuenta = dawn on, wise up, the penny dropped, suss (out).
    * caer en la cuenta de = realise [realize, -USA].
    * calcular la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * correr de la cuenta de Alguien = be on + Pronombre.
    * cuenta atrás = count down, countdown.
    * cuenta bancaria = bank account.
    * cuenta complementaria = satellite account.
    * cuenta corriente = current account, checking account, deposit account.
    * cuenta de ahorro(s) = deposit account, savings account.
    * cuenta de correo electrónico = email account.
    * cuenta espermática = sperm count.
    * cuentas = statistics.
    * dar cuenta = render + an account of.
    * dar cuenta de = account for.
    * dar cuenta de Algo = be held to account.
    * dar la cuenta atrás = count + Nombre + out.
    * darse cuenta = become + aware, dawn on, detect, perceive, find, note, make + aware, come to + realise, wise up, reach + understanding, eye + catch, strike + home, suss (out), hit + home.
    * darse cuenta de = be aware of, be cognisant of, realise [realize, -USA], sense, wake up to, become + cognisant of, see through.
    * darse cuenta del peligro que = see + the danger that.
    * darse cuenta de un problema = alight on + problem.
    * decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * empezar a darse cuenta de = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * en resumidas cuentas = after all, in short, in a nutshell, in sum, to sum up, to sum it up, to cut a long story short, bottom line, the, in essence, to make a long story short, all in all, all in all, the short story + be.
    * estado de cuentas = financial statement.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * extracto de cuentas = bank statement.
    * fichero de cuentas = accounting file.
    * gastar más de la cuenta = overspend.
    * gastos + correr a cuenta de = bear + the cost(s).
    * hablar más de la cuenta = shoot + Posesivo + mouth off.
    * hacer Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * hacer borrón y cuenta nueva = start with + a clean slate, cut + Posesivo + losses, turn over + a new leaf.
    * hacer cuadrar las cuentas = reconcile + receipts.
    * hacer el balance de cuentas = balance + the cash drawer.
    * hacer la cuenta = tot up, tote up.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * llevar la cuenta = tally.
    * llevar la cuenta de = keep + track of.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * más de la cuenta = one too many.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * no darse cuenta de = sneak under + the radar, go + unnoticed.
    * no darse de cuenta de = be blind to.
    * no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, skip, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * organizar Algo por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = make + Posesivo + own arrangements.
    * pedirle cuentas a Alguien = bring + Nombre + to book.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * que no tienen que rendir cuentas a nadie = unaccountable.
    * rendición de cuentas = accountability.
    * rendir cuentas = render + an account of, bring + Nombre + to book.
    * rendir cuentas a = report to.
    * saber hacer cuentas = be numerate.
    * saldar una cuenta = settle + an account.
    * saldo de cuenta bancaria = bank balance.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sentir que no tienen en cuenta a Alguien = feel + left out.
    * sin darme cuenta = before I know what's happened.
    * sin darnos cuenta = out of sight.
    * sin darse cuenta = inadvertently, unwittingly, without realising, without noticing, unconsciously, unknowingly.
    * sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.
    * tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.
    * tenerse muy en cuenta por = carry + weight with.
    * téngase en cuenta = witness.
    * téngase en cuenta que = Note that....
    * teniendo en cuenta = on the basis of.
    * teniendo en cuenta que = providing (that).
    * titular de cuenta bancaria = bank account holder.
    * titular de la cuenta = account holder.
    * trabajador por cuenta propia = freelancer [free-lancer].
    * trabajo por cuenta propia = self-employment.
    * trabajo por + Posesivo + cuenta = freelance [free-lance].
    * vender a cuenta = trade for + credit.
    * viajero por su cuenta = independent traveller.
    * y antes de que + Pronombre + dar + cuenta = the next thing + Pronombre + know.

    * * *
    A
    1 (operación, cálculo) calculation, sum
    hacer una cuenta to do a calculation o sum
    saca la cuenta add it up, work it out
    voy a tener que hacer or sacar or echar cuentas I'm going to have to do some calculations o sums
    luego hacemos cuentas we'll sort it out o work it out later
    las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso ( hum); short reckonings make long friends
    las cuentas claras conservan la amistad (CS); short reckonings make long friends
    (contabilidad): encárgate tú de organizarlo, yo me ocupo de las cuentas you take care of the organization, and I'll handle the money side (of things) ( colloq)
    ella lleva las cuentas de la casa she pays all the bills and looks after the money
    B
    1 (cómputo) count
    ya he perdido la cuenta de las veces que ha llamado I've lost count of the number of times he's called
    ¿estás llevando la cuenta? are you keeping count?
    he comido/bebido más de la cuenta I've eaten too much/had too much to drink
    siempre tienes que hablar más de la cuenta why do you always have to talk too much?
    he gastado más de la cuenta I've spent too much o more than I should have
    por la cuenta que me/te/le trae: ¿tú crees que vendrá Pedro? — por la cuenta que le trae do you think Pedro will come? — he'd better! o he will if he knows what's good for him! ( colloq)
    salir de cuenta(s) ( Esp fam); to be due ( colloq)
    salir más a or ( RPl) en cuenta to work out cheaper
    traer cuenta: no me trae cuenta venderlo it's not worth my while selling o to sell it
    realmente trae cuenta comprar al por mayor it's really well worth buying wholesale
    Compuestos:
    countdown
    ya ha empezado la cuenta atrás de las elecciones the countdown to the elections has begun
    standing count
    sperm count
    countdown
    C
    1 (factura) bill
    ¿nos trae la cuenta, por favor? could we have the check ( AmE) o ( BrE) bill, please?
    la cuenta del gas/teléfono the gas/phone bill
    no ha mandado/no nos ha pasado la cuenta he hasn't sent us the bill
    es de las que te hace un favor y luego te pasa la cuenta she's one of those people who do you a favor and then expect something in return
    tengo varias cuentas pendientes (de pago) I've got several bills to pay o bills outstanding
    yo no tengo cuentas pendientes con nadie I don't owe anybody anything
    tiene cuentas con todo el mundo he owes everybody money
    2
    a cuenta on account
    entregó $2.000 a cuenta she gave me/him/them $2,000 on account
    toma este dinero a cuenta de lo que te debo here's some money toward(s) what I owe you
    D
    1 ( Com, Fin) (en un banco, un comercio) account
    abrir/cerrar una cuenta to open/close an account
    depositó or ( Esp) ingresó un cheque en su cuenta she paid a check into her account
    incluimos las siguientes partidas con cargo a su cuenta ( Corresp) the following items have been charged to your account
    cárguelo a mi cuenta charge it to o put it on my account
    tiene cuenta en ese restaurante he has an account at that restaurant
    2 (negocio) account
    consiguieron la cuenta de Vigarsa they got the Vigarsa account
    Compuestos:
    sight deposit account
    time deposit ( AmE), fixed term deposit ( BrE)
    ( Méx); dollar account
    joint account
    checking account ( AmE); current account ( BrE)
    savings account
    charge account, credit account ( BrE)
    interactive user-guide
    ( Méx); main account ( in pesos)
    budget account
    profit and loss account
    (explicaciones, razones): no tengo por qué darle cuentas a ella de lo que hago I don't have to explain o justify to her the things I do, I don't have to answer o account to her for the things I do
    vas a tener que rendir cuentas or cuenta del tiempo que has perdido you're going to have to account for all the time you've wasted
    hacer lo que uno quiere sin tener que rendirle cuentas a nadie to do as you please without having to answer to anybody
    ajustarle las cuentas a algn to give sb a piece of one's mind
    dar cuenta de algo (de noticias, sucesos) to give an account of sth; (de alimentos) to polish sth off ( colloq)
    se reunió con los periodistas para dar cuenta de la situación she met the journalists to explain o to tell them about the situation
    el despacho da cuenta del accidente aéreo the press release gives details of the plane crash
    … en resumidas cuentas: que casarse sería una locura … in short o all in all, it would be madness for them to get married
    en resumidas cuentas, que hay que seguir esperando in short o in a nutshell, we'll just have to keep waiting
    F
    (cargo, responsabilidad): por/de cuenta de algn: la Seguridad Social corre por cuenta de la empresa Social Security contributions are covered o paid o met by the company
    los deterioros serán de cuenta del inquilino the tenant will be liable for any damage
    decidí editarlo por mi cuenta I decided to publish it at my own expense
    trabajó con un famoso modisto francés y luego se instaló por su cuenta she worked for a famous French fashion designer and then she set up (in business) on her own
    ahora trabaja por cuenta propia she works freelance now, she's self-employed now
    los trabajadores por cuenta ajena workers with employment contracts/workers with employee status
    la cena corre por mi cuenta the dinner's on me ( colloq)
    Cuando la frase darse cuenta va seguida de una oración subordinada introducida por de que, en el español latinoamericano existe cierta tendencia a omitir la preposición de en el lenguaje coloquial - se dio cuenta que no iba a convencerla = he realized (that) he wasn't going to convince her
    darse cuenta de algo to realize sth
    lo hizo/dijo sin darse cuenta he did/said it without realizing
    ni se dio cuenta de que me había cortado el pelo he didn't even notice I'd had my hair cut
    date cuenta de que es imposible you must see o realize that it's impossible
    ella se da cuenta de todo she's aware of everything that's going on (around her)
    ¡eso me contestó! ¿tú te das cuenta? that's what he said! can you believe it o can you imagine?
    tener algo en cuenta: ten en cuenta que lleva poco tiempo en este país bear in mind o remember that he's only been in the country a short time
    sin tener en cuenta los gastos without taking the expenses into account, not including the expenses
    teniendo en cuenta su situación la eximieron del pago they exempted her from payment because of her circumstances
    ése es otro factor a tener en cuenta that's another factor to be taken into account o taken into consideration o borne in mind
    tomar algo en cuenta: no se lo tomes en cuenta, no sabe lo que dice don't take any notice of him o don't pay any attention to him o just ignore him, he doesn't know what he's talking about
    tomaron en cuenta mis conocimientos de francés/mi experiencia my knowledge of French/my experience was taken into consideration
    ¿a cuenta de qué …? ( AmL fam); why …?
    a cuenta de que … just because …
    entonces caí en la cuenta de por qué lo había hecho that was when I realized o saw o ( colloq) when it clicked why he had done it
    no caí en la cuenta de que me había mentido hasta que … I didn't grasp the fact that o realize that he'd lied to me until …
    habida cuenta de ( frml); in view of
    hacer cuenta que: haz (de) cuenta que lo has perdido, porque no creo que te lo devuelvan you may as well give it up for lost, because I don't think you'll get it back
    tú haz (de) cuenta (de) que yo no estoy aquí pretend I'm not here o carry on as if I wasn't here
    H (de un collar, rosario) bead
    cuenta2, cuentas, etc
    * * *

     

    Del verbo contar: ( conjugate contar)

    cuenta es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    contar    
    cta.    
    cuenta
    contar ( conjugate contar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹dinero/votos/días› to count;

    y eso sin cuenta las horas extras and that's without including overtime;
    lo cuento entre mis amigos I consider him (to be) one of my friends
    2 ‹cuento/chiste/secreto› to tell;

    es muy largo de cuenta it's a long story;
    ¿qué cuentas (de nuevo)? (fam) how're things? (colloq)
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to count;

    ¿este trabajo cuenta para la nota final? does this piece of work count toward(s) the final grade?;
    ella no cuenta para nada what she says (o thinks etc) doesn't count for anything
    2

    a) ‹persona/ayuda/discreción› to count on, rely on;

    ◊ cuento contigo para la fiesta I'm counting o relying on you being at the party;

    sin cuenta con que … without taking into account that …


    c) (frml) ( tener) to have;


    contarse verbo pronominal
    a) (frml) ( estar incluido):


    su novela se cuenta entre las mejores his novel is among the best
    b)

    ◊ ¿qué te cuentas? how's it going? (colloq)

    cta. (
    ◊ cuenta) a/c

    cuenta sustantivo femeninoNota:
    Cuando la frase darse cuenta va seguida de una oración subordinada introducida por de que, en el español latinoamericano existe cierta tendencia a omitir la preposición de en el lenguaje coloquial: se dio cuenta que no iba a convencerla = he realized (that) he wasn't going to convince her
    1
    a) (operación, cálculo) calculation, sum;

    ◊ hacer una cuenta to do a calculation o sum;

    saca la cuenta add it up, work it out;
    hacer or sacar cuentas to do some calculations;
    a fin de cuentas after all
    b)

    ◊ cuentas sustantivo femenino plural ( contabilidad) accounts: yo llevo las cuentas del negocio I do the accounts for the business, I handle the money side of the business (colloq);

    ella se ocupa de las cuentas de la casa she pays all the bills and looks after the money

    ◊ llevar/perder la cuenta to keep/lose count;

    cuenta atrás countdown;
    más de la cuenta too much
    2
    a) ( factura) bill;

    ◊ ¿nos trae la cuenta, por favor? could we have the check (AmE) o (BrE) bill, please?;

    la cuenta del gas the gas bill;
    a cuenta on account;
    entregó $2.000 a cuenta she gave me/him/them $2,000 on account;
    este dinero es a cuenta de lo que te debo this money is to go toward(s) what I owe you
    b) (Com, Fin) (en banco, comercio) account;

    ◊ abrir/cerrar/liquidar una cuenta to open/close/to settle an account;

    cuenta corriente/de ahorro(s) current/savings account
    3
    ◊ cuentas sustantivo femenino plural ( explicaciones): no tengo por qué darte cuentas I don't have to explain o justify myself to you;

    dar or rendir cuentas de algo to account for sth;
    en resumidas cuentas in short
    4 (cargo, responsabilidad):
    ◊ los gastos corren por cuenta de la empresa the expenses are covered o paid by the company;

    se instaló por su cuenta she set up (in business) on her own;
    trabaja por cuenta propia she's self-employed
    5


    ( notar) to notice (sth);

    date cuenta de que es imposible you must realize (that) it's impossible;
    tener algo en cuenta to bear sth in mind;
    ten en cuenta que es joven bear in mind that he's young;
    sin tener en cuenta los gastos without taking the expenses into account;
    tomar algo en cuenta to take sth into consideration
    6 (de collar, rosario) bead
    contar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un suceso, una historia) to tell
    2 (numerar) to count
    II verbo intransitivo to count
    ♦ Locuciones: contar con, (confiar en) to count on
    (constar de) to have
    cuenta sustantivo femenino
    1 (recibo) bill
    2 (cálculo) count
    hacer cuentas, to do sums
    perder la cuenta, to lose count
    cuenta atrás, countdown
    3 (de collar) bead
    4 Fin (de banco) account
    cuenta corriente, current account, US checking account
    cuenta de ahorros, savings account
    ♦ Locuciones: ajustar cuentas, to settle up
    caer en la cuenta o darse cuenta, to realize
    dar cuenta, to report
    pedir cuentas, to ask for an explanation
    salir de cuentas, to be due (to give birth)
    tener en cuenta, to take into account
    trabajar por cuenta propia, to be self-employed
    traer cuenta, to be worthwhile
    a cuenta, on account
    en resumidas cuentas, in short
    más sillas de la cuenta, too many chairs
    ' cuenta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abalorio
    - abonar
    - abonada
    - abonado
    - abrir
    - advertir
    - ajustar
    - anda
    - bloquear
    - borrón
    - cancelar
    - cargar
    - cero
    - cerrar
    - conforme
    - contarse
    - contingente
    - contraponer
    - corriente
    - cta.
    - dejar
    - desbloquear
    - descongelar
    - embargar
    - engordar
    - engrosar
    - escopetazo
    - extracto
    - fantasía
    - finiquitar
    - hallar
    - intervenir
    - movimiento
    - nota
    - notar
    - número
    - pancha
    - pancho
    - reparar
    - revisión
    - saldar
    - saldo
    - saneada
    - saneado
    - sumar
    - temblar
    - titular1
    - ubicarse
    - abono
    - adición
    English:
    account
    - allow for
    - allowance
    - alone
    - ambit
    - amenities
    - angry
    - appreciate
    - aware
    - balance
    - bank
    - bank account
    - bank statement
    - bead
    - bill
    - branch out
    - catch on
    - charge
    - charge account
    - check
    - clean
    - click
    - consider
    - consideration
    - considering
    - count
    - count in
    - countdown
    - credit
    - credit account
    - current account
    - dawn
    - debit
    - deposit
    - deposit account
    - ecological
    - expense
    - feel
    - foot
    - give
    - gross
    - holder
    - irrespective
    - joint account
    - motion
    - notice
    - overdraw
    - overspend
    - pass by
    - pay
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [acción de contar cifras] count;
    [cálculo] sum;
    el niño está aprendiendo a hacer cuentas the child is learning to do sums;
    voy a hacer cuentas de los gastos I'm going to tot up o work out what we've spent;
    vamos a echar cuentas de cuánto te debo let's work out how much I owe you;
    espera un momento, que saco la cuenta wait a minute, I'll tot it up for you;
    ¿está llevando alguien la cuenta? is anyone keeping count?;
    he perdido la cuenta, tendré que empezar de nuevo I've lost count, I'll have to start again;
    salir a cuenta to work out cheaper;
    Fam
    hacer las cuentas de la lechera to count one's chickens before they are hatched;
    Fam
    hacer las cuentas del Gran Capitán to be overoptimistic in one's calculations;
    Fam
    hacer la cuenta de la vieja to count on one's fingers;
    salir de cuentas, estar fuera de cuentas to be due (to give birth)
    cuenta atrás countdown
    2. [depósito de dinero] account;
    abrir/cerrar una cuenta to open/close an account;
    abónelo/cárguelo en mi cuenta, por favor please credit/debit o charge it to my account;
    me han abonado el sueldo en cuenta they've paid my wages into my account;
    he cargado el recibo en tu cuenta I've charged the bill to your account;
    ingresó el cheque en su cuenta she paid the cheque into her account;
    póngalo en mi cuenta put it on my account
    cuenta abierta active account;
    cuenta acreedora credit account;
    Esp cuenta de ahorros savings account; Esp cuenta de ahorro vivienda = tax-exempt savings account used for paying deposit on a house;
    cuenta bancaria bank account;
    cuenta de caja cash account;
    cuenta comercial business account;
    cuenta conjunta joint account;
    cuenta corriente Br current account, US checking account;
    cuenta de crédito = current account with an overdraft facility;
    cuenta de depósito deposit account;
    cuenta deudora overdrawn account;
    cuenta de explotación operating statement;
    cuenta de giros giro account;
    cuenta indistinta joint account;
    cuenta de inversiones investment account;
    cuenta a plazo fijo deposit account;
    cuenta transitoria suspense account;
    cuenta a la vista instant access account;
    Esp cuenta vivienda = tax-exempt savings account used for paying deposit on a house
    3. Cont
    cuentas [ingresos y gastos] accounts;
    las cuentas de esta empresa no son nada transparentes this company's books o accounts are not very transparent;
    él se encarga de las cuentas de la casa he deals with the financial side of things in their household;
    llevar las cuentas to keep the books;
    cuentas por cobrar/pagar accounts receivable/payable;
    ajustar o [m5]arreglar cuentas: [m5]¡ya le ajustaré o [m5] arreglaré las cuentas cuando le vea! I'll get my own back on him next time I see him!
    cuenta de gastos expenditure account;
    cuenta pendiente outstanding account;
    Fig
    tengo unas cuentas pendientes con él I've a few scores to settle with him;
    cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss account;
    cuenta de resultados Br profit and loss account,US income account
    4. [factura] bill;
    [en restaurante] Br bill, US check;
    la cuenta del supermercado/teléfono the shopping/phone bill;
    ¡la cuenta, por favor! could I have the Br bill o US check, please?;
    le pedí la cuenta al camarero I asked the waiter for the Br bill o US check;
    pagar 10 euros a cuenta to pay 10 euros down;
    pasar la cuenta to send the bill;
    tarde o temprano te pasará la cuenta de los favores que te ha hecho sooner or later she'll want something in return for o she'll call in the favours she's done for you
    5. Com [cliente, negocio] account;
    se encarga de las grandes cuentas de la empresa she looks after the company's most important accounts
    6. Informát account
    cuenta de correo (electrónico) e-mail account
    7. [obligación, cuidado] responsibility;
    esa tarea es cuenta mía that task is my responsibility;
    el vino corre de mi cuenta the wine's on me;
    déjalo de mi cuenta leave it to me;
    por mi/tu/ etc [m5]cuenta: investigaré esto por mi cuenta, no me fío de la policía I'll look into this matter myself, I don't trust the police;
    lo tendrás que hacer por tu cuenta, nadie te va ayudar you'll have to do it yourself o on your own, no one's going to help you;
    cualquier daño al vehículo corre por cuenta del conductor the driver is liable for any damage to the vehicle;
    tomas esa decisión por tu cuenta y riesgo, yo no te apoyo on your head be it, I don't agree with your decision;
    por su cuenta y riesgo decidió aprobar la operación he decided to approve the operation without consulting anyone;
    trabajar por cuenta propia/ajena to be self-employed/an employee;
    ha crecido el número de trabajadores por cuenta propia the number of self-employed has risen;
    por la cuenta que le trae, más vale que llegue pronto if he's got any sense at all, he'll arrive early;
    lo haré bien, por la cuenta que me trae I'm going to have to do it well, there's a lot riding on it
    8. [explicación, justificación]
    dar cuenta de algo to give a report on sth;
    no tengo por qué dar cuentas de mis acciones a nadie I don't have to explain myself o answer to anybody;
    el jefe nos convocó para darnos cuentas de la situación the boss called us in to explain the situation to us;
    pedir cuentas a alguien to call sb to account;
    rendir cuentas de algo ante alguien to give an account of sth to sb;
    no tengo por qué rendirle cuentas de mi vida privada I don't have to explain to her what I do in my private life;
    en resumidas cuentas, el futuro es prometedor in short, the future looks good;
    ¿a cuenta de qué? why on earth?, for what earthly reason?
    9. [cálculos, planes]
    no entra en mis cuentas cambiarme de casa I'm not planning to move house;
    ese gasto no entraba en nuestras cuentas we hadn't reckoned with that expense
    10. [consideración]
    tener en cuenta algo to bear sth in mind;
    ten paciencia, ten en cuenta que es nuevo en el trabajo be patient, you have to remember that o bear in mind that he's new to the job;
    eso, sin tener en cuenta el dinero que hemos perdido ya without, of course, taking into account o counting the money we've lost so far;
    un factor a tener en cuenta es la reacción del público one factor that has to be taken into account o borne in mind is the public's reaction;
    tomar en cuenta to take into account;
    habida cuenta de considering;
    habida cuenta de todo esto… bearing all this in mind…;
    habida cuenta de que… bearing in mind that…
    11. [de collar, rosario] bead
    12. Comp
    a fin de cuentas: no te preocupes, a fin de cuentas es mi problema don't you worry about it, after all, it's my problem;
    caer en la cuenta: ¡ahora caigo en la cuenta! now I see o understand!;
    no cayó en la cuenta de su error hasta una semana después she didn't realize her mistake until a week later;
    caí en la cuenta de que había que hacer algo I realized that something had to be done;
    dar cuenta de: en menos de cinco minutos dio cuenta de todos los pasteles it took him less than five minutes to account for o polish off all the cakes;
    dieron cuenta del rival con gran facilidad they easily disposed of the opposition;
    darse cuenta de algo to realize sth;
    lo hice sin darme cuenta I did it without realizing;
    ¿te das cuenta?, ya te dije que no era ella you see, I told you it wasn't her;
    no se dio cuenta de que necesitaba ayuda she didn't realize that she needed help;
    no sé si te habrás dado cuenta, pero parece muy nervioso I don't know if you've noticed, but he seems very nervous;
    es muy insensible, no se da cuenta de nada he's very insensitive, he never notices o picks up what's going on;
    ¿te das cuenta? no me ha dado las gracias can you believe it? he didn't even say thank you;
    más de la cuenta: bebí más de la cuenta I had one too many, I had too much to drink;
    siempre habla más de la cuenta he always talks too much, he always has to open his mouth
    * * *
    f
    1 ( cálculo) sum;
    echar cuentas de algo work sth out;
    perder la cuenta lose count
    2 de restaurante check, Br
    bill;
    pasar la cuenta a alguien send s.o. the bill;
    no me gusta pedirle favores porque siempre te pasa la cuenta fig I don’t like asking him for favors because he always wants something in return;
    tener una cuenta pendiente con alguien fam have unfinished business with s.o.
    3 COM account;
    a cuenta on account;
    póngamelo en la cuenta put it on the slate
    :
    dar cuenta de give an account of;
    pedir cuentas a alguien ask s.o. for an explanation
    :
    corre por mi/su cuenta I’ll/he’ll pay for it;
    por su propia cuenta off one’s own bat;
    trabajar por cuenta ajena/propia be employed/self-employed
    6
    :
    darse cuenta de algo realize sth;
    tomar en cuenta take into account;
    dar buena cuenta de finish off, polish off fam ;
    a fin de cuentas after all
    * * *
    cuenta, etc. contar
    cuenta nf
    1) : calculation, count
    2) : account
    3) : check, bill
    4)
    darse cuenta : to realize
    5)
    tener en cuenta : to bear in mind
    * * *
    1. (de dinero) account
    2. (factura) bill
    ¿sabes hacer cuentas? can you do sums?
    4. (rosario) bead
    perder la cuenta to lose count [pt. & pp. lost]
    tener / tomar en cuenta to take into account [pt. took; pp. taken]

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuenta

  • 8 eje

    m.
    1 axle.
    2 axis (geometry & astronomy).
    3 central idea, basis (idea central).
    es el eje de la empresa she holds the company together
    el eje argumental de la novela the central strand of the novel's plot
    4 central point, pivotal point, pivot.
    5 spindle.
    * * *
    1 (línea, recta) axis
    2 TÉCNICA shaft, spindle
    3 AUTOMÓVIL axle
    4 figurado (zona principal) centre (US center), main area
    5 figurado (parte esencial) crux, main idea, core
    6 (calle, carretera) thoroughfare
    7 el Eje PLÍTICA the Axis
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) axis
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Geog, Mat) axis

    ¿que no vienes?, pues me partes por el eje — so you're not coming? well, that really upsets my plans

    2) [de rueda] axle
    3) [de máquina] shaft, spindle
    - untar el eje a algn

    eje de impulsión, eje motor — drive shaft

    4) (=centro)

    la economía fue el eje de la conversación — the economy was the main topic of conversation, the conversation centred on the economy

    5) ( Hist)
    6)

    eje vial — Méx (Aut) urban motorway

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    partir a alguien por el eje — (fam) ( con cambio) to ruin o mess up somebody's plans; ( con pregunta) to stump o floor somebody (colloq)

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle
    2) (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    * * *
    = axis [axes, -pl.], core, focus, hub, backbone, axle, pivot, shaft, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], locus [loci, -pl.], spindle, swivel.
    Ex. If one assumes that the author segment of the author-title entry is on one axis and title on the other, there are 1,000,000 positions in the matrix for the placement of entries.
    Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex. Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex. And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex. Since 1950 the backbone of British current bibliographic control has been British national bibliography.
    Ex. The rolling press consisted essentially of a frame in which two large rollers were mounted one above the other, and were turned by means of four large spokes radiating from the axle of the upper one.
    Ex. The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    Ex. The rest of the metal from the ladle filled the rectangular shaft between the two parts of the mould, and all of it solidified almost immediately.
    Ex. The speakers will explain what actions have been taken to ensure that freedom of access to information remains the centrepiece of library philosophy in these difficult times.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. The movement of the bar turned the spindle through about ninety degrees, and the screw working in the nut caused it to descend about 15 mm.
    Ex. A windvane is really just a flat piece of metal or wood on a swivel that catches the wind and points toward and away from the wind.
    ----
    * eje de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * eje delantero = front end.
    * eje del mal = axis of evil.
    * eje trasero = rear end.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en su eje = at its core.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    partir a alguien por el eje — (fam) ( con cambio) to ruin o mess up somebody's plans; ( con pregunta) to stump o floor somebody (colloq)

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle
    2) (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    * * *
    = axis [axes, -pl.], core, focus, hub, backbone, axle, pivot, shaft, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], locus [loci, -pl.], spindle, swivel.

    Ex: If one assumes that the author segment of the author-title entry is on one axis and title on the other, there are 1,000,000 positions in the matrix for the placement of entries.

    Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex: Since 1950 the backbone of British current bibliographic control has been British national bibliography.
    Ex: The rolling press consisted essentially of a frame in which two large rollers were mounted one above the other, and were turned by means of four large spokes radiating from the axle of the upper one.
    Ex: The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    Ex: The rest of the metal from the ladle filled the rectangular shaft between the two parts of the mould, and all of it solidified almost immediately.
    Ex: The speakers will explain what actions have been taken to ensure that freedom of access to information remains the centrepiece of library philosophy in these difficult times.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: The movement of the bar turned the spindle through about ninety degrees, and the screw working in the nut caused it to descend about 15 mm.
    Ex: A windvane is really just a flat piece of metal or wood on a swivel that catches the wind and points toward and away from the wind.
    * eje de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * eje delantero = front end.
    * eje del mal = axis of evil.
    * eje trasero = rear end.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en su eje = at its core.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Astron, Fís, Mat) axis
    gira sobre su eje it rotates on its axis
    partir a algn por el eje ( fam) (con un cambio) to ruin o mess up sb's plans; (con una pregunta) to stump o floor sb ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto, Mec) (barra) axle
    eje delantero/trasero front/rear axle
    Compuestos:
    x-axis
    y-axis
    axis of symmetry
    drive shaft, propeller shaft
    ( Méx) main artery, arterial road
    B (de un asunto, una política) core, central theme
    el eje de la conversación the focal point of the conversation
    C
    el Eje ( Hist) the Axis
    * * *

     

    eje sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle

    2 (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    eje sustantivo masculino
    1 Téc (de una rueda) axle
    (de una máquina) shaft
    2 Mat Geom axis (pl axes); eje de coordenadas, x and y axes
    eje de simetría, axis of symmetry
    3 (persona o asunto más importante) la aprobación de los presupuestos fue el eje de la reunión, approval of the budget was the crux of the meeting
    4 Hist Pol Eje, Axis: las fuerzas del Eje fueron derrotadas en Normandía, Axis forces were defeated at Normandy
    ' eje' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rodar
    - rotar
    - vuelta
    - descentrado
    - sobre
    - transversal
    English:
    axis
    - axle
    - grease
    - hinge
    - linchpin
    - polar
    - shaft
    - back
    - center
    - spindle
    * * *
    eje nm
    1. [de rueda] axle;
    [de máquina] shaft Aut eje delantero front axle;
    eje de transmisión drive shaft;
    Aut eje trasero rear axle
    2. Geom, Astron & Fís axis;
    la Tierra gira sobre su propio eje the Earth rotates on its own axis
    eje de abscisas x-axis;
    eje de rotación axis of revolution;
    eje de simetría axis of symmetry
    3. [cosa central] [de obra] central theme;
    [de doctrina, teoría] central idea;
    es el eje de la compañía she holds the company together;
    el eje argumental de la novela the central strand of the novel's plot
    Am eje vial main road
    4. Hist
    el Eje the Axis
    * * *
    m
    1 axis;
    partir a alguien por el eje fig mess up s.o.’s plans
    2 TÉC shaft; AUTO de ruedas axle; fig
    linchpin
    * * *
    eje nm
    1) : axle
    2) : axis
    * * *
    eje n
    1. (de rueda) axle
    2. (en geometría, geografía) axis [pl. axes]

    Spanish-English dictionary > eje

  • 9 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 10 plan

    m.
    1 plan (proyecto, programa).
    hacer planes to plan
    plan de emergencia contingency plan
    plan de pensiones pension plan
    * * *
    2 (programa) project
    3 (régimen) diet
    4 familiar (aventura amorosa) fling; (amante) bit on the side
    ■ ¿tienes plan para el fin de semana? are you doing anything this weekend?
    \
    estar a plan familiar to be on a diet
    no ser plan familiar not to be on
    plan de desarrollo development plan
    plan de inversiones investment plan
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) plan
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=proyecto) plan; (=intención) idea, intention

    ¿qué planes tienes para este verano? — what are your plans for the summer?

    mi plan era comprar otro nuevo — my idea o intention was to buy a new one

    plan de choque — action plan, plan of action

    2) [de curso] programme, program (EEUU)

    plan de estudios — curriculum, syllabus

    3) * (=manera, actitud)

    en plan de: lo dije en plan de broma — I said it as a joke o for a laugh

    está en plan de rehusar — he's in a mood to refuse, he's likely to refuse at the moment

    4) *
    5) † * (=aventura) date; pey fling *

    ¿tienes plan para esta noche? — have you got a date for tonight?

    6) (Med) course of treatment
    7) (Topografía) (=nivel) level; (=altura) height
    8) Cono Sur, Méx [de barco etc] flat bottom
    9) LAm (=llano) level ground; Cono Sur (=falda de cerro) foothills pl
    10) And, CAm, Caribe [de espada etc] flat
    * * *
    1) (proyecto, programa) plan
    2)
    a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

    b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

    salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

    3) (fam) ( actitud)

    en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

    * * *
    1) (proyecto, programa) plan
    2)
    a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

    b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

    salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

    3) (fam) ( actitud)

    en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

    * * *
    plan1
    1 = agenda, arrangement, framework, plan, scheme.

    Ex: The session on library and information services to people with disabilities addressed on agenda developed out of the feedback from various regional groups.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.
    Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.
    * arruinar los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * chafar los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * chafar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * concebir un plan = devise + a plan.
    * con planes ocultos = agenda-laden.
    * dar al traste con los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * dar al traste con + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * de plan abierto = open-plan, open-planned.
    * desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * desbaratar los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * desbaratar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * diseñar un plan = draw up + plan.
    * diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * elaborar un plan = formulate + plan, draw up + plan, think out + a plan, think out + a plan, devise + a plan.
    * elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.
    * estropear los planes = upset + the applecart.
    * estropear + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.
    * hacer planes = plan, make + plans.
    * hacer un plan = draw up + plan, figure out + plan.
    * hacer un plan de emergencia = produce + contingency plan.
    * idear un plan = devise + a plan.
    * organizar un plan = put + a plan in place.
    * persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.
    * plan abierto = openness, open plan.
    * plan a largo plazo = long-term plan.
    * plan alternativo = contingency plan.
    * plan blanco = white bread.
    * plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.
    * plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.
    * plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.
    * plan de choque = shock tactics.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction, disposition instruction.
    * plan de compra = purchase plan.
    * plan de conservación = conservation plan.
    * plan de contingencia = contingency plan.
    * plan de disposición = disposition plan.
    * plan de emergencia = disaster plan, emergency plan, disaster recovery plan, backup plan, safety net.
    * plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.
    * plan de expurgo = weeding policy, weeding project.
    * Plan de Información y Bibliotecas = Library and Information Plan (LIP).
    * plan de jubilación = pension plan, retirement plan.
    * plan de mejora = improvement plan.
    * plan de ordenación urbana = town planning.
    * plan de pensiones = pension plan, retirement plan.
    * plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.
    * plan de retención = retention plan.
    * plan de seguridad = backup plan.
    * plan de seguros = insurance plan.
    * plan de sucesión = succession plan.
    * plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.
    * plan dietético = diet plan.
    * planes de estudios = syllabi.
    * planes + fracasar = plan + fall through.
    * planes futuros = future plans.
    * planes ocultos = hidden agenda.
    * plan estratégico = strategic plan.
    * plan grandioso = grand design.
    * plan maestro = master plan.
    * plan magistral = grand design.
    * plan para después de la jubilación = retirement plan.
    * plan urbanístico = zoning.
    * proponer un plan = come up with + plan.
    * reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.
    * tener un plan = figure out + plan.
    * urdir un plan = devise + a plan.

    plan2
    2 = fling.

    Ex: But the man who became famous for his flings believes celibacy is a revolutionary act to strengthen his spiritual journey.

    * * *
    A (proyecto, programa) plan
    hacer planes para el futuro to make plans for the future
    plan nacional contra la droga national anti-drugs program o plan
    plan de desarrollo development plan
    Compuestos:
    savings plan
    plan of action, plan of campaign
    syllabus
    training scheme
    retirement scheme, retirement plan
    pension plan, pension scheme
    defined benefit pension plan
    defined contribution pension plan
    flight plan
    master plan
    B
    1 ( fam)
    (cita, compromiso): si no tienes plan para esta noche podríamos ir a cenar if you're not doing anything tonight we could go out for dinner
    ¿tienes algún plan para este fin de semana? do you have anything planned o do you have any plans for this weekend?, do you have anything on this weekend?
    no es plan ( Esp); (no es justo) it's not fair, it's not on ( BrE colloq); (no es buena idea) it's not a good idea
    2
    ( Esp fam) (ligue): salió en busca de plan para la noche he went out looking for a pickup for the night ( colloq)
    su marido tiene un plan her husband's having an affair o seeing someone else, her husband's got a bit on the side ( BrE colloq)
    C ( fam)
    (actitud): no te pongas en plan chulo don't get cocky with me! ( colloq)
    hoy está en plan vago he's in a lazy mood today
    lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding ( colloq), he meant it as a joke
    como siga en ese plan, acabará mal if he carries on like that, he'll come to no good
    en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap ( colloq)
    nos llevamos muy bien, pero en plan de amigos we get on very well but we're just friends
    * * *

     

    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (proyecto, programa) plan;

    plan de estudios syllabus
    2 (fam) (cita, compromiso):

    ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight?
    3 (fam) ( actitud):

    lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq);
    en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
    plan sustantivo masculino
    1 (intención) plan
    2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
    plan de estudios, curriculum
    plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
    3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon
    ♦ Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
    no es plan, that's not a good idea
    no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out
    ' plan' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - anteproyecto
    - auspicio
    - boceto
    - bosquejar
    - chafar
    - concebir
    - cuajar
    - delinear
    - desactivar
    - descubrir
    - designio
    - dinamitar
    - efecto
    - fastidiar
    - garete
    - generar
    - idea
    - idear
    - instrumentación
    - inviable
    - juego
    - mantilla
    - mira
    - pensar
    - pergeñar
    - pique
    - plana
    - planear
    - planificar
    - plano
    - plazo
    - política
    - prever
    - programa
    - proyectar
    - proyecto
    - rechazar
    - rechazo
    - resultado
    - tortuosa
    - tortuosidad
    - tortuoso
    - trazar
    - tramar
    - traza
    - venta
    - ventura
    - viabilidad
    English:
    abort
    - abortive
    - action
    - alter
    - alteration
    - approachable
    - approve of
    - attractive
    - authenticity
    - backfire
    - beauty
    - benign
    - botch
    - bypass
    - cheap
    - concoct
    - contingency plan
    - cook up
    - crystallize
    - curriculum
    - delineate
    - design
    - despite
    - detailed
    - develop
    - development
    - devious
    - disappoint
    - discard
    - distinct
    - drum up
    - elaborate
    - emigrate
    - explain
    - fall apart
    - fall through
    - fallback
    - floor plan
    - follow through
    - foolproof
    - forecast
    - formulate
    - get-rich-quick
    - go
    - half-baked
    - hatch
    - hit on
    - hit upon
    - holiday
    - impractical
    * * *
    plan nm
    1. [proyecto, programa] plan;
    hacer planes to plan;
    tenemos plan de visitarte la próxima semana we're planning to call on you next week;
    ¿tienes algún plan para mañana por la tarde? have you got any plans for tomorrow evening?
    plan de acción action plan;
    plan de ahorro savings plan;
    plan de amortización repayment plan;
    plan de choque emergency plan;
    plan de creación de empleo job creation scheme;
    plan de desarrollo development plan;
    plan de emergencia [para el futuro] contingency plan;
    [como reacción] emergency plan;
    plan de estudios syllabus;
    plan hidrológico water management plan;
    plan de jubilación pension scheme o plan;
    plan de pensiones pension scheme o plan;
    plan de pensiones contributivo contributory pension scheme o plan;
    Hist plan quinquenal five-year plan;
    plan de urbanismo urban development plan;
    plan de viabilidad feasibility plan;
    plan de vuelo flight plan
    2. Fam [ligue] date;
    salieron a buscar un plan they went out on the pull
    3. Fam
    a todo plan in the greatest luxury, with no expense spared;
    Fam
    en plan: lo dijo en plan serio he was serious about it;
    si te pones en ese plan… if you're going to be like that about it…;
    se puso en plan violento he got o became violent;
    Fam
    en plan de: lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding, he meant it as a joke;
    vamos a Perú en plan de turismo we are going to Peru for a holiday;
    no es plan it's just not on;
    ¡vaya plan de vida! what a life!
    * * *
    m plan;
    plan de emergencia emergency plan;
    lo dije en plan de broma fam I said it as a joke;
    tener un plan fam be playing around, be having an affair;
    esto no es plan fam this isn’t good enough
    * * *
    plan nm
    1) : plan, strategy, program
    plan de inversiones: investment plan
    plan de estudios: curriculum
    2) plano: plan, diagram
    3) : attitude, intent, purpose
    ponte en plan serio: be serious
    estamos en plan de divertirnos: we're looking to have some fun
    * * *
    plan n
    1. (en general) plan
    2. (actitud) mood

    Spanish-English dictionary > plan

  • 11 figure

    1. noun
    1) (shape) Form, die
    2) (Geom.) Figur, die
    3) (one's bodily shape) Figur, die

    keep one's figure — sich (Dat.) seine Figur bewahren

    4) (person as seen) Gestalt, die; (literary figure) Figur, die; (historical etc. figure) Persönlichkeit, die

    a fine figure of a man/woman — eine stattliche Erscheinung

    5) (simile etc.)

    figure [of speech] — Redewendung, die; (Rhet.) Redefigur, die

    6) (illustration) Abbildung, die
    7) (Dancing, Skating) Figur, die
    8) (numerical symbol) Ziffer, die; (number so expressed) Zahl, die; (amount of money) Betrag, der

    go or run into three figures — sich auf dreistellige Zahlen belaufen

    three-/four-figure — drei-/vierstellig

    9) in pl. (accounts, result of calculations) Zahlen Pl.

    can you check my figures? — kannst du mal nachrechnen?

    2. transitive verb
    1) (picture mentally) sich (Dat.) vorstellen
    2) (calculate) schätzen
    3. intransitive verb
    1) vorkommen; erscheinen; (in play) auftreten
    2) (coll.): (be likely, understandable)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/87018/figure_out">figure out
    * * *
    ['fiɡə, ]( American[) 'fiɡjər] 1. noun
    1) (the form or shape of a person: A mysterious figure came towards me; That girl has got a good figure.) die Gestalt, die Figur
    2) (a (geometrical) shape: The page was covered with a series of triangles, squares and other geometrical figures.) die Figur
    3) (a symbol representing a number: a six-figure telephone number.) die Zahl,...-stellig
    4) (a diagram or drawing to explain something: The parts of a flower are shown in figure 3.) die Abbildung
    2. verb
    1) (to appear (in a story etc): She figures largely in the story.) eine Rolle spielen
    2) (to think, estimate or consider: I figured that you would arrive before half past eight.) glauben
    •
    - figurative
    - figuratively
    - figurehead
    - figure of speech
    - figure out
    * * *
    fig·ure
    [ˈfɪgəʳ]
    I. n
    1. (silhouette of body) Gestalt f; (personality) Persönlichkeit f; (in novel) Gestalt f
    a \figure of fun [or AM usu ridicule] eine Spottfigur [o pej fam Witzfigur]
    to be a mother \figure to sb für jdn die Mutterrolle einnehmen
    to cut an elegant/a sorry \figure eine elegante/traurige Figur abgeben
    2. (shape of body) Figur f
    a fine \figure of a man ( dated or hum) ein Bild nt von einem Mann
    a fine \figure of a woman eine stattliche Frau
    to be \figure-conscious figurbewusst sein
    to get one's \figure back seine alte Figur wiederbekommen
    to keep one's \figure schlank bleiben
    3. MATH (digit) Ziffer f; (numeral) Zahl f, Wert m
    he is good at \figures er ist ein guter Rechner
    column of \figures Zahlenreihen pl
    to have a head for \figures sich dat Zahlen gut merken können
    double/single \figures zweistellige/einstellige Zahlen
    to run into double \figures im zweistelligen Bereich liegen
    his income runs into five \figures [or he has a five-\figure income] er hat ein fünfstelliges Einkommen
    to put a \figure on sth etw in Zahlen ausdrücken
    in four/five \figures vier-/fünfstellig
    in round \figures gerundet
    to work out the \figures Kalkulationen vornehmen
    4. (amount of money, cash) Betrag m
    a high [or large] \figure ein hoher Preis; amount eine hohe Summe
    sales \figures Verkaufszahlen pl, Absatzzahlen pl
    ▪ the \figures pl Zahlenwerk nt
    Ms Smith, could you bring in the \figures for the Miller contract? Frau Schmitt, könnten Sie das Zahlenmaterial für den Miller-Vertrag bringen?
    unemployment \figures Arbeitslosenzahlen pl
    6. (illustration, representation) Abbildung f; (diagram) Diagramm nt
    II. vt
    1. esp AM (think, reckon)
    ▪ to \figure sth (anticipate, envisage) etw voraussehen; (predict) etw voraussagen; (estimate) etw schätzen
    ▪ to \figure sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen
    ▪ to \figure why/who/how... verstehen, warum/wer/wie...
    can you \figure how to open this box? hast du eine Ahnung, wie der Kasten aufgeht?
    III. vi
    1. (feature) eine Rolle spielen; (appear) erscheinen, auftauchen
    he \figured prominently in my plans er spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in meinen Plänen
    where does pity \figure in your scheme of things? welche Rolle spielt Mitleid in deiner Weltordnung?
    2. esp AM (count on)
    ▪ to \figure on sth mit etw dat rechnen
    3. (make sense)
    that [or it] \figures esp AM das hätte ich mir denken können
    it doesn't \figure das passt nicht zusammen
    4. ( fam: imagine)
    go \figure stell dir vor
    * * *
    ['fɪgə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= number) Zahl; (= digit) Ziffer f; (= sum) Summe f

    he's good at figures —

    a mistake in the figures have you seen last year's figures? — eine Unstimmigkeit in den Zahlen haben Sie die Zahlen vom Vorjahr gesehen?

    Miss Jones, could you bring in the figures for the Fotheringham contract? — Fräulein Jones, könnten Sie das Zahlenmaterial zum Fotheringham-Vertrag bringen?

    he earns well into six figures —

    government figures show that... — die Zahlen der Regierung zeigen, dass...

    the figures work (inf) — es rechnet sich (inf)

    2) (in geometry, dancing, skating) Figur f
    3) (= human form) Gestalt f
    4) (= shapeliness) Figur f

    she has a good figure —

    I'm dieting to keep my figure — ich lebe Diät, um meine Figur zu behalten

    to get one's figure back —

    5) (= personality) Persönlichkeit f; (= character in novel etc) Gestalt f

    figure of fun — Witzfigur f, lächerliche Erscheinung

    6) (= statuette, model etc) Figur f
    7) (LITER)

    figure of speech — Redensart f, Redewendung f

    it's just a figure of speech — das ist doch nur eine (leere) Redensart, das sagt man doch nur so

    8) (MUS) Figur f, Phrase f; (= notation) Ziffer f
    9) (= illustration) Abbildung f
    2. vt
    1) (= decorate) silk etc bemalen, mustern
    2) (MUS) bass beziffern; melody verzieren
    3) (= imagine) sich (dat) vorstellen, sich (dat) denken
    4) (esp US inf = think, reckon) glauben, schätzen (inf)
    5) (US inf = figure out) schlau werden aus, begreifen
    3. vi
    1) (= appear) erscheinen, auftauchen

    where does pity figure in your scheme of things? — wo rangiert Mitleid in deiner Weltordnung?

    2) (inf: make sense) hinkommen (inf), hinhauen (inf)
    * * *
    figure [ˈfıɡə; US ˈfıɡjər]
    A s
    1. Zahl(zeichen) f(n), Ziffer f:
    he is good at figures er ist ein guter Rechner, er kann gut rechnen;
    the cost runs into three figures die Kosten gehen in die Hunderte;
    his income is in five figures, he has a five-figure income er hat ein fünfstelliges Einkommen; → double figures
    2. a) Preis m, Betrag m, Summe f
    b) Zahl f:
    at a low (high) figure billig (teuer);
    3. Figur f:
    keep one’s figure schlank bleiben;
    lose one’s figure dick werden
    4. Gestalt f (nur undeutlich wahrgenommener Mensch)
    5. fig Figur f, bemerkenswerte Erscheinung, wichtige Person, Persönlichkeit f:
    figure of fun komische Figur, pej Witzfigur;
    cut ( oder make) a poor figure eine traurige Figur abgeben;
    make a brilliant figure eine hervorragende Rolle spielen; → public A a
    6. Darstellung f (des menschlichen Körpers), Bild n, Statue f
    7. Symbol n
    8. auch figure of speech Redefigur f, rhetorische Figur
    9. (Stoff) Muster n
    10. Tanz, Eiskunstlauf etc: Figur f:
    a) (Kunstflug) Acht f,
    b) (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf) Achter m
    11. MUS
    a) Figur f
    b) (Bass) Bezifferung f
    12. Figur f, Diagramm n, Zeichnung f
    13. Illustration f (im Buch)
    14. Logik: Schlussfigur f
    15. PHYS Krümmung f (einer Linse), besonders Spiegel m (eines Teleskops)
    B v/t
    1. formen, gestalten
    2. abbilden, bildlich darstellen
    3. oft figure to o.s. sich etwas vorstellen oder ausmalen
    4. verzieren, MUS auch figurieren
    5. Stoff mustern
    6. MUS beziffern
    7. figure out umg
    a) ausrechnen,
    b) ausknobeln, rauskriegen, ein Problem lösen,
    c) kapieren, verstehen:
    I can’t figure him out ich werd’ aus ihm nicht klug oder schlau
    8. figure up zusammenzählen
    9. US umg meinen, glauben ( beide:
    that dass):
    I figure him (to be) honest ich halte ihn für ehrlich
    C v/i
    1. rechnen:
    figure out at sich belaufen auf (akk)
    2. figure on bes US umg
    a) rechnen mit
    b) sich verlassen auf (akk):
    figure on sb to do sth sich darauf verlassen, dass jemand etwas tut
    c) beabsichtigen ( doing etwas zu tun)
    3. erscheinen, auftauchen, vorkommen:
    figure in a play in einem Stück auftreten;
    figure large eine große Rolle spielen;
    figure on a list auf einer Liste stehen
    4. umg hinhauen, (genau) passen:
    that figures!
    a) das wundert mich gar nicht,
    b) völlig klar!;
    it figures that he didn’t come es ist typisch für ihn, dass er nicht kam
    fig abk
    1. figurative (figuratively)
    2. figure ( figures pl)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (shape) Form, die
    2) (Geom.) Figur, die
    3) (one's bodily shape) Figur, die

    keep one's figure — sich (Dat.) seine Figur bewahren

    4) (person as seen) Gestalt, die; (literary figure) Figur, die; (historical etc. figure) Persönlichkeit, die

    a fine figure of a man/woman — eine stattliche Erscheinung

    5) (simile etc.)

    figure [of speech] — Redewendung, die; (Rhet.) Redefigur, die

    6) (illustration) Abbildung, die
    7) (Dancing, Skating) Figur, die
    8) (numerical symbol) Ziffer, die; (number so expressed) Zahl, die; (amount of money) Betrag, der

    go or run into three figures — sich auf dreistellige Zahlen belaufen

    three-/four-figure — drei-/vierstellig

    9) in pl. (accounts, result of calculations) Zahlen Pl.
    2. transitive verb
    1) (picture mentally) sich (Dat.) vorstellen
    2) (calculate) schätzen
    3. intransitive verb
    1) vorkommen; erscheinen; (in play) auftreten
    2) (coll.): (be likely, understandable)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Bild -er n.
    Figur -en f.
    Gestalt -en f.
    Statur -en f.
    Zahl -en f.
    Zeichen - n.
    Ziffer -n (Mathematik) f.
    Ziffer -n f. v.
    beziffern v.
    eine Rolle spielen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > figure

  • 12 غير

    غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب)‏ \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول)‏ \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل)‏ \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان)‏ \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب)‏ \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز)‏ \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف)‏ \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غير

  • 13 account

    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    6) (report)

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/83952/account_for">account for
    * * *
    1) (an arrangement by which a person keeps his money in a bank: I have( opened) an account with the local bank.) die Rechnung
    2) (a statement of money owing: Send me an account.) Geschaftsbücher
    3) (a description or explanation (of something that has happened): a full account of his holiday.) das Konto
    4) (an arrangement by which a person makes a regular (eg monthly) payment instead of paying at the time of buying: I have an account at Smiths.) Kundenkonto
    5) ((usually in plural) a record of money received and spent: You must keep your accounts in order; ( also adjective) an account book.) der Bericht
    •
    - accountancy
    - accountant
    - account for
    - on account of
    - on my/his etc account
    - on my/his account
    - on no account
    - take something into account
    - take into account
    - take account of something
    - take account of
    * * *
    ac·count
    [əˈkaʊnt]
    I. n
    1. (description) Bericht m
    by [or from] all \accounts nach allem, was man so hört
    by his own \account eigenen Aussagen zufolge
    to give [or ( form) render] an \account of sth Bericht über etw akk erstatten, etw schildern
    2. (with a bank) Konto nt
    bank/ BRIT building society \account Bank-/Bausparkassenkonto nt
    to have an \account with a bank ein Konto bei einer Bank haben
    to draw money out of [or withdraw money from] an \account Geld von einem Konto abheben
    savings [or BRIT deposit] \account Sparkonto nt
    current BRIT [or AM checking] \account (personal) Girokonto nt; (business) Kontokorrentkonto nt fachspr
    joint \account Gemeinschaftskonto nt
    securities \account Depot nt
    NOW \account AM zinstragendes Konto
    statement of \account Kontoauszug m
    to be on one's \account money auf dem Konto sein
    to open/close an \account [with sb] ein Konto [bei jdm] eröffnen/auflösen
    to pay sth into [or AM, AUS deposit sth in] an \account etw auf ein Konto überweisen; (in person) etw auf ein Konto einzahlen
    3. (credit) [Kunden]kredit m
    will that be cash or \account? zahlen Sie bar oder geht das auf Rechnung?
    to buy sth on \account BRIT etw auf Kredit kaufen
    to have an \account with sb bei jdm auf Rechnung kaufen
    to pay sth on \account BRIT ( dated) etw anzahlen, eine Anzahlung auf etw akk leisten
    to put sth on [or charge sth to] sb's \account etw auf jds Rechnung setzen, jdm etw in Rechnung stellen
    4. (bill) Rechnung f
    to settle [or pay] an \account eine Rechnung bezahlen [o geh begleichen
    ▪ \accounts pl [Geschäfts]bücher pl
    \accounts payable Kreditoren pl, Verbindlichkeiten pl
    \accounts receivable Forderungen pl, Außenstände pl
    capital \account Darstellung f des Kapitalverkehrs mit dem Ausland
    current \account balance of payments Saldo m der Leistungsbilanz
    period of \account FIN, ECON Geschäftsjahr nt
    to keep the \accounts esp BRIT die Buchhaltung machen
    to keep an \account of sth über etw akk Buch führen
    trading [or dealing] for the \account [or \account trading] Wertpapiergeschäfte, bei denen Auslieferung und Abrechnung der Papiere am nächsten Abrechnungstermin erfolgt
    rolling \account Erfüllung von Börsengeschäften zu einem späteren, entweder feststehenden oder vereinbarten Termin
    7. (customer) Kunde, Kundin m, f, [Kunden]vertrag m
    to take sth into \account [or to take \account of sth] etw berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen]
    to take into \account that... berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen], dass...
    to take no \account of sth [or to leave sth out of [the] \account] etw nicht berücksichtigen, etw außer Acht lassen
    9. (reason)
    on that \account I think... aus diesem Grund schlage ich vor,...
    ▪ on \account of sth aufgrund einer S. gen
    on my/her/his \account meinet-/ihret-/seinetwegen
    on no [or not on any] \account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen
    to be of little \account von geringer Bedeutung sein
    to be of no \account keinerlei Bedeutung haben
    11. no pl (responsibility)
    on one's own \account auf eigenes Risiko
    12. LAW Klage f auf Auskunft und Rechenschaftslegung
    action for an \account Rechnungslegungklage f
    13.
    ▶ to be called [or brought] to \account [for sth] [für etw akk] zur Verantwortung [o Rechenschaft] gezogen werden
    ▶ to give a good \account of oneself eine gute Figur abgeben; (in a fight, competition) sich akk wacker schlagen
    ▶ to settle [or square] \accounts with sb mit jdm abrechnen
    ▶ to turn sth to [good] \account ( form) aus etw dat seinen Vorteil ziehen
    II. vt ( form)
    to \account oneself fortunate sich akk glücklich schätzen
    I would \account it an honour if... es wäre mir eine Ehre,...
    III. vi
    1. (explain)
    ▪ to \account for sth etw erklären, über etw akk Rechenschaft ablegen
    there's no \accounting for taste[s] über Geschmack lässt sich streiten
    2. (locate)
    ▪ to \account for sth den Verbleib einer S. gen erklären
    ▪ to \account for sb jds Verbleib klären
    3. (make up)
    ▪ to \account for sth:
    students \account for the majority of our customers Studenten machen den größten Teil unserer Kundschaft aus
    ▪ to \account for sth etw mit einberechnen
    5. ( dated: defeat)
    ▪ to \account for sb jdn zur Strecke bringen geh
    * * *
    [ə'kaʊnt]
    1. n
    1) Darstellung f; (= report) Bericht m

    to keep an account of one's expenses/experiences — über seine Ausgaben Buch führen/seine Erlebnisse schriftlich festhalten

    by or from all accounts —

    by your own account — nach Ihrer eigenen Darstellung, nach Ihren eigenen Angaben

    to give an account of sth — über etw (acc) Bericht erstatten

    to be called or held to account for sth — über etw (acc) Rechenschaft ablegen müssen

    2)

    (= consideration) to take account of sb/sth, to take sb/sth into account — jdn/etw in Betracht ziehen

    to take no account of sb/sth, to leave sb/sth out of account — jdn/etw außer Betracht lassen

    on no account, not on any account — auf (gar) keinen Fall

    on this/that account — deshalb, deswegen

    on my/his/their account — meinet-/seinet-/ihretwegen

    3) (= benefit) Nutzen m

    to turn sth to (good) account — (guten) Gebrauch von etw machen, etw (gut) nützen

    4)

    (= importance) of little account — von geringer Bedeutung

    5) (FIN, COMM) (at bank, shop) Konto nt (with bei); (= client) Kunde m, Kundin f; (= bill) Rechnung f

    to win sb's account — jdn als Kunden gewinnen

    £50 on account — £ 50 als Anzahlung

    account payee only (Brit) — nur zur Verrechnung

    6) pl (of company, club) (Geschäfts)bücher pl; (of household) Einnahmen und Ausgaben pl

    to keep the accounts — die Bücher führen, die Buchführung machen

    2. vt
    (form: consider) erachten als
    * * *
    account [əˈkaʊnt]
    A v/t ansehen oder betrachten als, halten für:
    account o.s. lucky sich glücklich schätzen;
    be accounted a genius als Genie gelten
    B v/i
    1. account (to sb) for (jemandem) Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk), sich (jemandem gegenüber) verantworten für
    2. die Verantwortung tragen, verantwortlich sein ( beide:
    for für)
    3. erklären, begründen ( beide:
    for akk):
    how do you account for that? wie erklären Sie sich das?;
    that accounts for it das erklärt die Sache;
    there is no accounting for tastes über (den) Geschmack lässt sich nicht streiten, die Geschmäcker sind verschieden
    this region alone accounts for some 20% of the whole population
    C s
    1. WIRTSCH
    a) Berechnung f, Rechnung f
    b) pl Geschäftsbücher pl
    c) pl (Rechnungs-, Jahres)Abschluss m
    d) Konto n:
    have no money in one’s account kein Geld auf dem Konto haben;
    hold an account with ein Konto haben bei;
    pay sth into one’s account etwas auf sein Konto einzahlen;
    balance ( oder settle, square) accounts with fig abrechnen mit;
    transaction for the account (Börse) Br Termingeschäft n; → Bes Redew
    2. Rechenschaft f, Rechenschaftsbericht m:
    a) jemanden zur Rechenschaft ziehen ( for wegen),
    b) mit jemandem abrechnen ( for wegen);
    give (an) account of Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk)( → C 3);
    give a good account of etwas gut erledigen, einen Gegner abfertigen;
    give a good (bad) account of o.s.
    a) sich von seiner guten (schlechten) Seite zeigen,
    b) gut (schlecht) abschneiden;
    he gave a good account of himself auch er hat sich gut oder tapfer geschlagen
    3. Bericht m, Darstellung f, Beschreibung f, auch (künstlerische) Interpretation:
    by ( oder from) all accounts nach allem, was man hört;
    give an account of Bericht erstatten über (akk)( → C 2)
    4. Liste f, Verzeichnis n:
    keep an account of Buch führen über (akk)
    5. Erwägung f, Berücksichtigung f:
    leave out of account außer Betracht lassen;
    take account of, take into account Rechnung tragen (dat), in Betracht oder Erwägung ziehen, einkalkulieren, berücksichtigen;
    on account of wegen, aufgrund von (od gen);
    on his account seinetwegen;
    on my mother’s account wegen meiner Mutter, mit Rücksicht auf meine Mutter;
    on one’s own account von sich aus (→ Bes Redew);
    on no account, not on any account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen;
    on all accounts auf jeden Fall, unbedingt
    6. Wert m, Wichtigkeit f, Bedeutung f, Ansehen n, Geltung f:
    of no account unbedeutend, ohne Bedeutung, wertlos
    7. Gewinn m, Vorteil m:
    find one’s account in sth bei etwas profitieren oder auf seine Kosten kommen;
    put ( oder turn) sth to (good) account sich etwas zunutze machen, Kapital schlagen aus etwas, Nutzen ziehen aus etwasBesondere Redewendungen: account carried forward Vortrag m auf neue Rechnung;
    accounts payable Verbindlichkeiten, (Bilanz) US Kreditoren;
    accounts receivable Außenstände, (Bilanz) US Debitoren;
    buy for the account (Börse) auf Termin kaufen;
    carry to account in Rechnung stellen;
    carry to a new account auf neue Rechnung vortragen;
    for account only nur zur Verrechnung;
    for the account of another auf fremde Rechnung;
    for one’s own account auf eigene Rechnung;
    for the account and risk of für Rechnung und Gefahr von (od gen);
    a) auf Rechnung,
    b) auf Abschlag, als Anzahlung;
    on one’s own account
    a) auf eigene Rechnung,
    b) auf eigene Gefahr;
    payment per account Saldozahlung f;
    place ( oder put) sth to sb’s account jemandem etwas berechnen oder in Rechnung stellen; → render A 10
    a/c abk WIRTSCH account (account current) Kontokorrent n, Girokonto n
    acc. abk
    1. TECH acceleration
    2. WIRTSCH acceptance
    4. WIRTSCH account
    5. LING accusative
    acct. abk
    1. WIRTSCH account
    * * *
    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Berechnung f.
    Bericht -e m.
    Konto -s n.
    Rechnung -en f.
    Wert -e m.

    English-german dictionary > account

  • 14 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 15 go

    A vi (3e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone)
    1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;
    2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;
    3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;
    4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;
    5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;
    6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;
    7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;
    8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;
    9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;
    10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;
    11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;
    12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;
    13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;
    14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;
    15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;
    16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;
    17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;
    18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;
    19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;
    20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;
    21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;
    22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;
    23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;
    24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;
    25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;
    26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;
    27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;
    28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;
    29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;
    30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;
    31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;
    32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;
    33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;
    34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;
    35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;
    36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;
    37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;
    39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!
    1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;
    2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.
    C n (pl goes)
    1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;
    2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;
    3 ○ GB ( bout) ( of illness) attaque f ;
    D adj all systems are go! Aerosp tout est paré pour le lancement!
    to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!
    ■ go about:
    1 = go around ;
    2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;
    ▶ go about [sth]
    1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;
    2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.
    ■ go across:
    ▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;
    ▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].
    ■ go after:
    ▶ go after [sth/sb]
    1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;
    2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.
    ▶ go against [sb/sth]
    1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;
    2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;
    3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].
    1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;
    2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.
    1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;
    2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.
    ▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.
    ■ go around:
    1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;
    2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;
    ▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.
    ■ go at:
    ▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;
    ▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].
    ■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!
    ■ go back
    1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;
    2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;
    3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.
    ▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].
    ■ go before:
    ▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;
    ▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.
    ■ go below gen, Naut descendre.
    ■ go by:
    ▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;
    ▶ go by [sth]
    1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;
    2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.
    ■ go down:
    ▶ go down
    1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;
    2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;
    3 [sun] se coucher ;
    4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;
    5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;
    6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;
    7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;
    8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;
    9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;
    10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;
    11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;
    12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;
    13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;
    14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;
    15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;
    ▶ go down [sth]
    1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;
    2 ( be downgraded) to go down a class Sch redescendre d'une classe.
    ▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;
    ▶ go down on [sb] ● ( have oral sex with) tailler une pipe à ● [man] ; faire minette à ● [woman].
    ■ go for:
    ▶ go for [sb/sth]
    1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;
    2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;
    ▶ go for [sb]
    1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;
    2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;
    ▶ go for [sth]
    1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;
    2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.
    ■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.
    ■ go forward(s) avancer.
    ■ go in
    1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;
    2 Mil [army, troops] attaquer ; the troops went in at dawn les troupes ont attaqué à l'aube ;
    3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.
    ■ go in for:
    ▶ go in for [sth]
    1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;
    2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;
    3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].
    ■ go into:
    ▶ go into [sth]
    1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;
    2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;
    3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;
    4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;
    5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;
    6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.
    ▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.
    ■ go off:
    ▶ go off
    1 (explode, fire) [bomb] exploser ; the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti ;
    2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;
    3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;
    4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;
    5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;
    6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;
    7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;
    8 Theat quitter la scène ;
    ▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.
    ▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?
    ■ go on:
    ▶ go on
    1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;
    2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;
    3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;
    4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;
    5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;
    6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;
    7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;
    8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;
    9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;
    10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;
    ▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.
    ■ go on at:
    ▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.
    ■ go out
    1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;
    2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;
    3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;
    4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;
    5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;
    6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;
    7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;
    8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;
    9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;
    10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;
    11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;
    12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;
    13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;
    14 ( in cards) terminer.
    ■ go over:
    ▶ go over
    1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;
    2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;
    3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;
    ▶ go over [sth]
    1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;
    2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;
    3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;
    4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;
    5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.
    ■ go round GB:
    1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;
    2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;
    3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;
    4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;
    5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;
    ▶ go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].
    1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;
    2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;
    3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;
    ▶ go through [sth]
    1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;
    2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;
    3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;
    4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;
    5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.
    ▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.
    1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;
    2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;
    3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.
    1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;
    2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.
    ■ go up:
    ▶ go up
    1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;
    2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;
    3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;
    4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;
    5 GB Univ ( start university) entrer à l'université ; ( start term) reprendre les cours ;
    6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;
    7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;
    ▶ go up [sth]
    1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;
    2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.
    ■ go with:
    ▶ go with [sth]
    1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;
    ▶ go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].
    ▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;
    ▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

    Big English-French dictionary > go

  • 16 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 17 what

    (whoever, whatever, wherever etc: No matter what happens, I'll go.) pase lo que pase, sea lo que sea
    what1 adj
    1. qué
    what time is it? ¿qué hora es?
    what cheese shall I buy? ¿qué queso compro?
    what is your address? ¿cuál es tu dirección?
    2. qué
    what a lovely dress! ¡qué vestido más mono!
    what about...? ¿qué tal...? / ¿qué te parece...?
    what about a cup of tea? ¿qué tal una taza de té?
    what2 pron
    1. qué
    2. lo que
    did you hear what he said? ¿has oído lo que ha dicho?
    tr[wɒt]
    ■ what time is it? ¿qué hora es?
    ■ what colour is it? ¿de qué color es?
    ■ what kind of music do you like? ¿qué tipo de música te gusta?
    ■ what film did you see? ¿qué película viste?
    ■ what a man! ¡qué hombre!
    ■ what a smart car! ¡qué coche más chulo!
    ■ what a pity! ¡qué lástima!
    ■ what beautiful flowers! ¡qué flores más preciosas!
    4 (all the) todo,-a
    ■ what is it? ¿qué es?
    ■ what do you do? ¿a qué te dedicas?
    ■ what are you doing? ¿qué haces?
    ■ what's your name? ¿cómo te llamas?
    ■ what's that for? ¿para qué sirve eso?
    ■ what does this word mean? ¿qué significa esta palabra?
    ■ what does she look like? ¿cómo es ella?
    ■ what did he say? ¿qué dijo?
    3 lo que
    1 ¡cómo!
    ■ what! you've lost it! ¡cómo! ¡lo has perdido!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    and what not y tal, cosas por el estilo
    guess what? ¿sabes qué?
    or what? ¿o qué?
    to give somebody what for darle a alguien su merecido
    to know what's what saber de qué va la cosa, estar al tanto
    what about...? ¿qué tal...?, ¿qué te parece...?
    ■ what about Friday? ¿qué tal el viernes?
    ■ what about the cat? ¿y el gato qué?
    ■ what about that drink you owe me? ¿qué hay de la copa que me debes?
    ■ what about seeing a film? ¿qué te parece ver una película?
    what for? (why) ¿por qué? 2 (for what purpose) ¿para qué?
    what if...? ¿y si...?
    ■ what if there's no answer? ¿y si no contestan?
    what is it? (what's wrong?) ¿qué pasa? 2 (definition) ¿qué es?
    what of it? ¿y qué?
    what with... and... entre... y..., con lo de... y...
    ■ what with the wedding, the fire and everything con lo de la boda, el incendio y todo
    what's more y además
    what ['hwɑt, 'hwʌt] adv
    1) how: cómo, cúanto
    what he suffered!: ¡cómo sufría!
    2)
    what with : entre
    what with one thing and another: entre una cosa y otra
    what adj
    what more do you want?: ¿qué más quieres?
    what color is it?: ¿de qué color es?
    what an idea!: ¡qué idea!
    3) any, whatever: cualquier
    give what help you can: da cualquier contribución que puedas
    what pron
    what happened?: ¿qué pasó?
    what does it cost?: ¿cuánto cuesta?
    I don't know what to do: no sé que hacer
    do what I tell you: haz lo que te digo
    3)
    what for why: porqué
    4)
    what if : y si
    what if he knows?: ¿y si lo sabe?
    adj.
    • cuál adj.
    pron.
    • cuál pron.
    • que pron.
    • qué pron.

    I hwɑːt, wɒt
    1) ( in questions) qué

    what's that? — ¿qué es eso?

    what's the problem? — ¿cuál es el problema?

    what is 28 divided by 12? — ¿cuánto es 28 dividido (por) 12?

    what's `I don't understand' in Russian? — ¿cómo se dice `no entiendo' en ruso?

    what do you mean? — ¿qué quieres decir?

    what did you pay? — ¿cuánto pagaste?

    what's the jacket made (out) of? — ¿de qué es la chaqueta?

    I threw it away - you did what? — lo tiré a la basura - ¿qué?

    what? — ( say that again) ¿cómo?, ¿qué?; ( expressing disbelief) ¿qué?, ¿que qué?

    or what? — (colloq) ¿o qué?

    are you stupid, or what? — ¿eres tonto o qué?

    so what? — ¿y qué?

    what about: but what about the children? y los niños ¿qué?; what about my work? - what about it? ¿y mi trabajo? - ¿y qué?; you know Julie's boyfriend? - yes, what about him? ¿conoces al novio de Julie? - sí ¿por qué?; what... for: what's this button for? ¿para qué es este botón?; what are you complaining for? ¿por qué te quejas?; to give somebody what for (colloq) darle* una buena a alguien (fam); what have you (colloq): she sells postcards and souvenirs and what have you vende postales, recuerdos y esas cosas or y demás; what if: what if she finds out? ¿y si se entera?; what... like: what's she like? ¿cómo es?; what does he look like? ¿cómo es físicamente?, ¿qué aspecto tiene?; what's his new film like? ¿qué tal es su nueva película?; what of: so we're not married: what of it? no estamos casados ¿y qué?; what's-her/-his/-its-name (colloq): go and ask what's-her-name next door ve y pregúntale a la de al lado ¿cómo se llama?; the what's-its-name o what-d' you call it is broken la cosa ésa está rota (fam), el chisme ése está roto (Esp, Méx fam); what with entre; what with one thing and another, I haven't had time — entre una cosa y otra, no he tenido tiempo

    3)

    (do) you know what? I'll ask him for a raise! — ¿sabes qué? or ¿sabes qué te digo? le voy a pedir aumento!

    (I'll) tell you what,... — mira,...

    b) ( relative use) lo que

    I don't know and, what's more, I don't care — no lo sé y lo que es más, no me importa


    II
    1)
    a) ( in questions) qué

    what book are you reading? — ¿qué libro estás leyendo?

    what color are the walls? — ¿de qué color son las paredes?

    what more does he want? — ¿qué más quiere?

    she didn't know what color to choose/what language they were speaking — no sabía qué color elegir/en qué idioma estaban hablando

    c) (all of the, any)

    what few hotels there were were full — los pocos hoteles que había, estaban llenos

    what little she owned she left to her son — lo poco que tenía, se lo dejó a su hijo

    2) ( in exclamations) qué

    what a friend you've turned out to be! — (iro) valiente or vaya amigo has resultado ser tú!

    what a lot of people! — cuánta gente!, qué cantidad de gente!

    [wɒt]
    1. PRONOUN
    a)
    In direct questions, what can generally be translated by qué with an accent: qué

    what do you want now? — ¿qué quieres ahora?

    what's in here? — ¿qué hay aquí dentro?

    what is it now? — y ahora ¿qué?

    what does he owe his success to?, to what does he owe his success? — frm ¿a qué debe su éxito?

    what's a tractor, Daddy? — ¿qué es un tractor, papá?

    what are capers? — ¿qué son las alcaparras?

    Only use [¿qué es...?]/[¿qué son...?] to translate [what is]/[are] when asking for a [definition]. In other contexts use [¿cuál es?]/[¿cuáles son?]:

    what's the capital of Finland? — ¿cuál es la capital de Finlandia?

    what's her telephone number? — ¿cuál es su número de teléfono?

    what were the greatest problems? — ¿cuáles eran los mayores problemas?

    However, not all expressions with [what] should be translated literally. Some require [qué] used adjectivally:

    what is the difference? — ¿qué diferencia hay?

    what are your plans? — ¿qué planes tienes?

    what's the Spanish for "pen"? — ¿cómo se dice "pen" en español?

    what's your name? — ¿cómo te llamas?

    b) (=how much) cuánto

    what will it cost? — ¿cuánto va a costar?

    what does it weigh? — ¿cuánto pesa?

    what's nine times five? — ¿cuánto es nueve por cinco?

    c) (=what did you say) cómo, qué

    what? I didn't catch that — ¿cómo? or ¿qué?, no he entendido eso

    what did you say? — ¿cómo or qué dices?, ¿qué has dicho?, ¿qué dijiste? (LAm)

    d) (Brit) † (as question tag) verdad

    it's getting late, what? — se está haciendo tarde ¿no? or ¿verdad?

    a)
    In most cases, translate the pronoun what using either qué with an accent or lo que without an accent: qué, lo que

    • he asked her what she thought of it — le preguntó qué or lo que pensaba de ello

    Use [cuál era]/[cuáles son] {etc} instead of [lo que era]/[lo que son] {etc} if [what was]/[are] {etc} does not relate to a definition:

    • please explain what you saw — por favor, explique qué or lo que vio

    can you explain what's happening? — ¿me puedes explicar (qué es) lo que está pasando?

    • do you know what's happening? — ¿sabes qué or lo que está pasando?

    I don't know what's happening — no sé qué está pasando, no sé (qué es) lo que está pasando

    • tell me what happened — cuéntame qué or lo que ocurrió

    b) (=how much) cuánto
    4) (relative use) lo que

    I've no clothes except what I'm wearing — no tengo ropa, aparte de lo que llevo puesto

    what it is to be rich and famous! — ¡lo que es ser rico y famoso!

    and what have you {or}3} what not * y qué sé yo qué más, y qué sé yo cuántas cosas más to give sb what for * regañar a algn know what

    it was full of cream, jam, chocolate and I don't know what — estaba lleno de nata, mermelada, chocolate y no sé cuántas cosas más

    you know what? I think he's drunk — creo que está borracho, ¿sabes?

    I know what, let's ring her up — se me ocurre una idea, vamos a llamarla por teléfono

    to know what's what * saber cuántas son cinco * or what? *

    do you want it or what? — ¿lo quieres o qué?

    are you coming or what? — entonces ¿vienes o no?

    I mean, is this sick, or what? — vamos, que es de verdadero mal gusto, ¿o no?

    is this luxury or what? — esto sí que es lujo, ¿eh?

    say what you like,... digas lo que digas,..., se diga lo que se diga,.... so what? * ¿y qué?

    so what if it does rain? — ¿y qué, si llueve?

    so what if he is gay? — ¿y qué (pasa) si es gay?, ¿y qué importa que sea gay?

    (I'll) tell you what se me ocurre una idea, tengo una idea what about

    what about me? — y yo ¿qué?

    what about next week? — ¿qué te parece la semana que viene?

    "your car..." - "what about it?" * — -tu coche... -¿qué pasa con mi coche?

    what about going to the cinema? — ¿qué tal si vamos al cine?, ¿y si vamos al cine?

    what about lunch, shall we go out? — ¿y para comer? ¿salimos fuera? or ¿qué tal si salimos fuera?

    what about people who haven't got cars? — ¿y la gente que no tiene coche?

    what for? (=why) ¿por qué?; (=to what purpose) ¿para qué?

    what are you doing that for? — ¿por or para qué haces eso?

    what's that button for? — ¿para qué es ese botón?

    what if...? ¿y si...?

    what if this doesn't work out? — ¿y si esto no funciona?

    what if he says no? — ¿y si dice que no?

    what of

    but what of the political leaders? — pero, ¿y qué hay de los líderes políticos?

    what of it? * — y eso ¿qué importa?

    what's... what's it like? (asking for description) ¿cómo es?; (asking for evaluation) ¿qué tal es?

    what's their new house like? — ¿cómo es su nueva casa?

    what's his first novel like? — ¿qué tal es su primera novela?

    what will the weather be like tomorrow? — ¿qué tal tiempo va a hacer mañana?

    and what's more... y, además,... what's that? (asking about sth) ¿qué es eso?; (=what did you say?) ¿qué has dicho?

    what's that to you? * — ¿eso qué tiene que ver contigo?, ¿a ti qué te importa? *

    what's worse

    and what's worse... — y lo que es peor...

    what with

    what with the stress and lack of sleep, I was in a terrible state — entre la tensión y la falta de sueño me encontraba fatal

    2. ADJECTIVE

    what dress shall I wear? — ¿qué vestido me pongo?

    what colour is it? — ¿de qué color es?

    • she asked me what day she should come — me preguntó qué día tenía que venir

    • he explained what ingredients are used — explicó qué ingredientes se usan

    • what good would that do? — ¿de qué serviría eso?

    • do you know what music they're going to play? — ¿sabes qué música van a tocar?

    • did they tell you what time they'd be arriving? — ¿te dijeron a qué hora llegarían?

    I gave him what money/coins I had — le di todo el dinero/todas las monedas que tenía

    Remember to put an accent on qué in exclamations as well as in direct and indirect questions:

    what a nuisance! — ¡qué lata!

    what a fool I was! — ¡qué tonto fui!

    what an ugly dog! — ¡qué perro más or tan feo!

    what a lot of people! — ¡qué cantidad de gente!

    what an excuse! — iro ¡buen pretexto!, ¡vaya excusa!

    3.
    EXCLAMATION ¡qué!

    what! you sold it! — ¿qué? ¡lo has vendido!

    what! you expect me to believe that! — ¿qué? ¿esperas que me crea eso?

    what! he can't be a spy! — ¿qué? ¿cómo va a ser un espía?

    you told him what? — ¿que le has dicho qué?

    "he's getting married" - "what!" — se casa - ¿cómo dices?

    you what?

    "I'm going to be an actress" - "you what?" * — -voy a hacerme actriz -¿cómo or qué dices?

    I'm going to have a baby - you what? — -voy a tener un niño -¡¿que vas a tener un qué?!

    * * *

    I [hwɑːt, wɒt]
    1) ( in questions) qué

    what's that? — ¿qué es eso?

    what's the problem? — ¿cuál es el problema?

    what is 28 divided by 12? — ¿cuánto es 28 dividido (por) 12?

    what's `I don't understand' in Russian? — ¿cómo se dice `no entiendo' en ruso?

    what do you mean? — ¿qué quieres decir?

    what did you pay? — ¿cuánto pagaste?

    what's the jacket made (out) of? — ¿de qué es la chaqueta?

    I threw it away - you did what? — lo tiré a la basura - ¿qué?

    what? — ( say that again) ¿cómo?, ¿qué?; ( expressing disbelief) ¿qué?, ¿que qué?

    or what? — (colloq) ¿o qué?

    are you stupid, or what? — ¿eres tonto o qué?

    so what? — ¿y qué?

    what about: but what about the children? y los niños ¿qué?; what about my work? - what about it? ¿y mi trabajo? - ¿y qué?; you know Julie's boyfriend? - yes, what about him? ¿conoces al novio de Julie? - sí ¿por qué?; what... for: what's this button for? ¿para qué es este botón?; what are you complaining for? ¿por qué te quejas?; to give somebody what for (colloq) darle* una buena a alguien (fam); what have you (colloq): she sells postcards and souvenirs and what have you vende postales, recuerdos y esas cosas or y demás; what if: what if she finds out? ¿y si se entera?; what... like: what's she like? ¿cómo es?; what does he look like? ¿cómo es físicamente?, ¿qué aspecto tiene?; what's his new film like? ¿qué tal es su nueva película?; what of: so we're not married: what of it? no estamos casados ¿y qué?; what's-her/-his/-its-name (colloq): go and ask what's-her-name next door ve y pregúntale a la de al lado ¿cómo se llama?; the what's-its-name o what-d' you call it is broken la cosa ésa está rota (fam), el chisme ése está roto (Esp, Méx fam); what with entre; what with one thing and another, I haven't had time — entre una cosa y otra, no he tenido tiempo

    3)

    (do) you know what? I'll ask him for a raise! — ¿sabes qué? or ¿sabes qué te digo? le voy a pedir aumento!

    (I'll) tell you what,... — mira,...

    b) ( relative use) lo que

    I don't know and, what's more, I don't care — no lo sé y lo que es más, no me importa


    II
    1)
    a) ( in questions) qué

    what book are you reading? — ¿qué libro estás leyendo?

    what color are the walls? — ¿de qué color son las paredes?

    what more does he want? — ¿qué más quiere?

    she didn't know what color to choose/what language they were speaking — no sabía qué color elegir/en qué idioma estaban hablando

    c) (all of the, any)

    what few hotels there were were full — los pocos hoteles que había, estaban llenos

    what little she owned she left to her son — lo poco que tenía, se lo dejó a su hijo

    2) ( in exclamations) qué

    what a friend you've turned out to be! — (iro) valiente or vaya amigo has resultado ser tú!

    what a lot of people! — cuánta gente!, qué cantidad de gente!

    English-spanish dictionary > what

  • 18 spell out

    = spell over; transitive verb
    1) (read letter by letter) [langsam] buchstabieren
    2) (fig.): (explain precisely) genau erklären; genau darlegen
    * * *
    vt
    ▪ to \spell out out ⇆ sth
    1. (using letters) etw buchstabieren
    2. (explain) etw klarmachen
    do I have to \spell out it out for you? ( fam) muss ich noch deutlicher werden?
    to \spell out out one's ideas/plans/thoughts seine Ideen/Pläne/Gedanken darlegen
    to \spell out out a problem ein Problem verdeutlichen
    * * *
    vt sep
    (= spell aloud) buchstabieren; (= read slowly) entziffern; (= explain) verdeutlichen, klarmachen

    he needs everything spelled out to him — man muss ihm alles überdeutlich machen

    * * *
    = spell over; transitive verb
    1) (read letter by letter) [langsam] buchstabieren
    2) (fig.): (explain precisely) genau erklären; genau darlegen
    * * *
    v.
    vorbuchstabieren v.

    English-german dictionary > spell out

  • 19 Hand

    Hand <-, Hände> [hant, pl ʼhɛndə] f
    1) anat hand;
    die \Hand zur Faust ballen to clench one's fist;
    die Hände in die Seiten stemmen to put one's hands on one's hips;
    eine \Hand/ zwei Hände breit six inches/a foot wide;
    es ist nur noch etwa eine \Hand breit Wein im Fass there's only about six inches of wine left in the barrel;
    mit der flachen \Hand with the flat of one's hand;
    Hände hoch! hands up!;
    eine hohle \Hand machen to cup one's hands;
    aus der hohlen \Hand from one's cupped hands;
    sie tranken an der Quelle aus der hohlen \Hand they drank at the spring from their cupped hands;
    linker/rechter \Hand on the left/right;
    links liegt der See, der Gutshof liegt rechter \Hand the lake is on the left and the estate on the right;
    zur linken/rechten \Hand on the left-hand/right-hand side;
    zur linken \Hand sehen Sie das Rathaus on the left-hand side you can see the town hall;
    eine ruhige [o sichere] \Hand a steady hand;
    mit sanfter \Hand with a gentle hand;
    sie versteht es, ihre Abteilung mit sanfter \Hand zu führen she knows how to run her department with a calm hand;
    jdm die \Hand drücken [o schütteln] to shake sb's hand;
    jdm etw in die \Hand drücken to press sth into sb's hand;
    jdm die \Hand geben [ o geh reichen] to shake sb's hand;
    etw in Händen halten ( geh) to have sth in one's hands;
    das ist ein interessantes Buch, das Sie da gerade in Händen halten that's an interesting book that you've got there at the moment;
    jdn an der [o bei der] \Hand haben [o nehmen] [o fassen] to take hold of sb's hand;
    etw aus der \Hand essen to eat sth out of one's hand;
    in die Hände klatschen to applaud [or clap];
    jdm die \Hand küssen to kiss sb's hand;
    etw aus der \Hand legen to put down sth sep;
    lege jetzt die Zeitung aus der \Hand, wir frühstücken! put the paper down now, we're having breakfast;
    jdm die \Hand auflegen to lay one's hand on sb;
    Jesus hat Kranke geheilt, indem er ihnen die \Hand auflegte Jesus healed the sick by laying his hands on them;
    etw in die \Hand nehmen to pick up sth sep;
    er nimmt niemals ein Buch in die \Hand he never picks up a book;
    ( sich darum kümmern) to attend to sth;
    lass mich die Sache mal in die \Hand nehmen let me take care of the matter;
    jdm etw aus der \Hand nehmen to take sth from [or off] sb, to take sth out of sb's hand;
    sie nahm ihrem Kind das Messer aus der \Hand she took the knife away from her child;
    der Fall ist dem Richter aus der \Hand genommen worden the judge has been relieved of the case;
    sich dat die Hände reiben to rub one's hands [together];
    jdm die \Hand reichen [ o geh bieten] to give sb one's hand;
    sie reichten sich zur Begrüßung die Hände they greeted each other by shaking hands;
    jdm etw aus der \Hand schlagen to knock sth out of sb's hand;
    Hände weg! hands off!;
    die \Hand nicht vor den Augen sehen können not to be able to see one's hand in front of one's face
    2) kein pl sport (\Handspiel) handball;
    der Schiedsrichter erkannte auf \Hand the referee blew for handball
    3) (Besitz, Obhut) hands;
    der Besitz gelangte in fremde Hände the property passed into foreign hands
    4) pol
    die öffentliche \Hand ( der Staat) [central] government;
    ( die Gemeinde) local government;
    das Vorhaben wird durch die öffentliche \Hand finanziert the project is being financed by the public sector
    WENDUNGEN:
    mit seiner Hände Arbeit with one's own hands;
    die Firma hat er mit seiner Hände Arbeit aufgebaut he built the firm up with his own hands;
    seine Hände mit Blut beflecken ( geh) to have blood on one's hands;
    für jdn/ etw seine [o die] \Hand ins Feuer legen ( fam) to vouch for sb/sth;
    \Hand und Fuß haben to be purposeful;
    weder \Hand noch Fuß haben to have no rhyme or reason, to make no sense;
    dieser Plan hat weder \Hand noch Fuß there's no rhyme or reason to this plan;
    mit Händen und Füßen ( fam) tooth and nail;
    \Hand aufs Herz! ( fam) cross your heart, word of honour [or honor]; (Am)
    \Hand aufs Herz, hast du wirklich nichts davon gewusst? give me your word of honour, did you really know nothing about it?;
    die Hände überm Kopf zusammenschlagen to throw one's hands up in amazement;
    wenn man sieht, wie sie sich benimmt, kann man nur noch die Hände überm Kopf zusammenschlagen when you see how she behaves you can only throw your hands up in amazement [or horror];
    von der \Hand in den Mund leben to live from hand to mouth;
    die Hände in den Schoß legen to sit back and do nothing;
    [bei etw] die [o seine] Hände im Spiel haben to have a hand in sth;
    dieser Geschäftemacher hat überall seine Hände im Spiel! this wheeler dealer has his finger in every pie;
    seine Hände in Unschuld waschen to wash one's hands of a matter;
    ich hatte damit nichts zu tun, ich wasche meine Hände in Unschuld! I had nothing to do with it, I wash my hands of the matter;
    bei jdm [mit etw] in besten Händen sein to be in safe hands with sb [regarding sth];
    bei ihr sind Sie damit in besten Händen you're in safe hands with her as far as that is concerned;
    mit der bloßen \Hand with one's bare hands;
    aus erster/zweiter \Hand first-hand/second-hand;
    Informationen aus zweiter \Hand sind meist wenig verlässlich second-hand information is in most cases unreliable;
    ( vom ersten/ zweiten Eigentümer) with one previous owner/two previous owners;
    er kauft Gebrauchtwagen, aber nur aus erster \Hand he buys second-hand cars but only with one previous owner;
    in festen Händen sein ( fam) to be spoken for;
    bei der kannst du nicht mehr landen, die ist schon in festen Händen you won't get anywhere with her, she's already spoken for;
    fleißige Hände hard workers;
    freie \Hand haben to have a free hand;
    jdm freie \Hand lassen to give sb a free hand;
    bei der Regelung dieser Angelegenheit will Ihnen unser Konzern freie \Hand lassen our company will give you free reign in settling this matter;
    von fremder \Hand from a stranger;
    die Unterschrift stammt von fremder \Hand this is a stranger's signature;
    in fremde Hände übergehen to change hands;
    bei etw eine glückliche \Hand haben to have the Midas touch with sth;
    sie hat bei all ihren Geschäftsabschlüssen immer eine glückliche \Hand gehabt she has always had the Midas touch in all of her business deals;
    von langer \Hand well in advance;
    der Bankraub muss von langer \Hand geplant gewesen sein the bank robbery must have been planned well in advance;
    mit leeren Händen empty-handed;
    eine leitende [o lenkende] \Hand a guiding hand;
    letzte \Hand an etw legen akk to put the finishing touches to sth;
    eine lockere \Hand haben ( fam) to let fly at the slightest provocation ( fam)
    gib ihm ja keine Widerworte, du weißt, er hat eine lockere \Hand! don't contradict him, you know he likes to let fly;
    aus [o von] privater \Hand privately;
    haben Sie den Leuchter aus einem Antiquitätengeschäft? - nein, aus privater \Hand did you get the candelabra from an antique shop? - no, from a private individual;
    jds rechte \Hand sein to be sb's right-hand man;
    mit etw schnell [o flink] [o gleich] bei der \Hand sein ( fam) to be quick to do sth;
    sie ist mit abfälligen Bemerkungen schnell bei der \Hand she's quick to make disparaging remarks;
    eine starke [o feste] \Hand a firm hand;
    jdm etw zu treuen Händen übergeben to give sth to sb for safekeeping, to entrust sth to sb;
    alle Hände voll zu tun haben to have one's hands full;
    mit vollen Händen excessively, plentifully, lavishly;
    er gab das Geld mit vollen Händen aus he spent his money left, right and centre [or (Am) center];
    hinter vorgehaltener \Hand in confidence;
    man erzählt sich hinter vorgehaltener \Hand davon people are telling each other about it in confidence;
    jdm/einer S. in die \Hand arbeiten to play into sb's hands/the hands of sth;
    jdm in die Hände [o in jds Hände] fallen to fall into sb's hands;
    schaut mal, was mir zufällig in die Hände gefallen ist! look what I came across by chance;
    jdm aus der \Hand fressen ( fam) to eat out of sb's hand;
    jdm sind die Hände gebunden;
    jds Hände sind gebunden sb's hands are tied;
    ich würde dir gerne helfen, aber meine Hände sind gebunden I would like to help you, but my hands are tied;
    jdm zur [o an die] \Hand gehen to lend sb a [helping] hand;
    durch jds Hände [o \Hand] gehen to pass through sb's hands;
    jdm... von der \Hand gehen to be... for sb;
    am Computer gehen einem viele Textarbeiten leicht von der \Hand working with texts is easy on a computer;
    [mit etw] \Hand in \Hand gehen to go hand in hand [with sth];
    das Ansteigen der Massenarbeitslosigkeit geht mit der Rezession \Hand in \Hand the rise in mass unemployment goes hand in hand with the recession;
    von \Hand zu \Hand gehen to pass from hand to hand;
    in jds Hände akk °übergehen to pass into sb's hands;
    jdm etw auf die \Hand geben to promise sb sth faithfully;
    etw aus der \Hand geben to let sth out of one's hands;
    Bücher gebe ich nicht aus der \Hand I don't lend people books;
    sie musste vorübergehend die Konzernleitung aus der \Hand geben she had to relinquish the management of the group temporarily;
    mit Händen zu greifen sein to be as plain as the nose on your face [or ( Brit) as a pikestaff] ( fam)
    die \Hand auf etw halten akk ( fam) to keep a tight rein on sth;
    um jds \Hand anhalten ( geh) to ask for sb's hand in marriage ( form)
    die [o seine [schützende]] \Hand über jdn halten ( geh) to protect sb;
    die [o seine] \Hand hinhalten [o aufhalten] ( fam) to hold out one's hand [for money];
    jdn [für etw] an der \Hand haben ( fam) to have sb on hand [for sth];
    für Autoreparaturen habe ich jdn an der \Hand I've got someone on hand who can fix cars;
    etw bei der [o zur] \Hand haben to have sth to hand;
    ich möchte zu gerne wissen, welche Erklärung er diesmal bei der \Hand hat! I'd like to know what explanation he's got to hand this time!;
    etw in der \Hand haben to have sth in one's hands;
    ich habe diese Entscheidung nicht in der \Hand this decision is not in my hands;
    etw gegen jdn in der \Hand haben to have sth on sb;
    die Staatsanwaltschaft hat gegen den Konzern nicht genügend Beweise in der \Hand the state prosecution didn't have sufficient evidence on the company;
    jdn [fest] in der \Hand haben to have sb [well] in hand;
    in jds Händen sein to be in sb's hands;
    die Geiseln sind in den Händen der Terroristen the hostages are in the hands of the terrorists;
    der Vertrag wird morgen in Ihren Händen sein the contract will be in your hands tomorrow;
    [bei jdm] in... Händen sein to be in... hands [with sb];
    sie wird bei Ihnen in guten Händen sein she will be in good hands with you;
    bei uns ist Ihr Wagen in den richtigen Händen your car is in the right hands with us;
    zur \Hand sein to be at hand;
    der Brief ist gerade nicht zur Hand the letter is not at hand at the moment;
    jdn/etw in die \Hand [o Hände] kriegen [o bekommen] to get one's hands on sb/sth;
    als Zollbeamter kriegt man so manche Waffe in die \Hand customs officers come across quite a few weapons in their job;
    [bei etw] mit \Hand anlegen to lend a hand [with sth];
    \Hand an sich legen akk ( geh) to kill oneself;
    [klar] auf der \Hand liegen ( fam) to be [perfectly] obvious;
    in jds \Hand dat liegen [o sein] ( geh) to be in sb's hands;
    mein Schicksal liegt in Gottes \Hand my fate lies in God's hands;
    jdm [etw] aus der \Hand lesen to read [sth] from sb's hand;
    die Wahrsagerin las ihm aus der \Hand the fortune teller read his palm;
    etw [alleine/selber] in die [eigene] \Hand nehmen to take sth in hand [oneself] [or into one's own hands];
    ich muss die Sache selber in die \Hand nehmen I'm going to have to take the matter into my own hands;
    etw zur \Hand nehmen ( geh) to pick up sth sep;
    nach dem Essen nahm er die Zeitung zur \Hand after the meal he picked up the paper;
    sich [ o geh einander] die Hände reichen können to be two of a kind;
    was Schusseligkeit angeht, können die beiden sich die Hände reichen when it comes to being clumsy they're two of a kind;
    sich die \Hand reichen können;
    ach, du hältst das auch für das Beste? dann können wir uns ja die Hände reichen, ich nämlich auch! oh, you think that's for the best? well, great, so do I!;
    keine \Hand rühren not to lift a finger;
    ich arbeite mich halb zu Tode, und er sitzt da und rührt keine \Hand I'm working myself half to death and he just sits there and doesn't lift a finger!;
    jdm ist die \Hand ausgerutscht ( fam) sb could not resist slapping sb;
    wenn er gar zu frech ist, kann ihr schon mal die \Hand ausrutschen if he gets too cheeky sometimes she can't resist slapping him;
    jdm etw in die \Hand [o Hände] spielen to pass sth on to sb;
    der Verräter spielte ihnen diese Unterlagen in die Hände the traitor passed these documents on to them;
    in die Hände spucken to roll up one's sleeves sep;
    so, jetzt heißt es in die Hände gespuckt und frisch an die Arbeit gegangen! okay, let's roll up our sleeves and get cracking!;
    jdm unter der \Hand [o den Händen] wegsterben to die while under sb's care;
    der Patient starb den Chirurgen unter den Händen weg the patient died while under the surgeons' care;
    jdn auf Händen tragen to fulfil [or (Am) fulfill] sb's every wish;
    jdm etw in die \Hand sprechen to promise sb sth;
    eine \Hand wäscht die andere you scratch my back I'll scratch yours;
    sich nicht von der \Hand weisen lassen;
    nicht von der \Hand zu weisen sein not to be able to be denied;
    dieses Argument hat etwas für sich, es lässt sich nicht von der \Hand weisen there's something in this argument, there's no denying it;
    die Erklärung klingt plausibel, sie ist also nicht von der \Hand zu weisen the explanation sounds plausible, there's no getting away from it;
    es ist nicht von der \Hand zu weisen, dass... there's no getting away from the fact that...;
    es ist nicht von der \Hand zu weisen, dass die Verhandlungen in einer Sackgasse angelangt sind there's no getting away from the fact that the negotiations have reached an impasse;
    jdm unter den Händen zerrinnen [o wegschmelzen] to slip through sb's fingers;
    jdm zuckt es in der \Hand sb's itching to hit sb;
    an \Hand einer S. gen with the aid of sth;
    sie erklärte die Aufgabe an \Hand eines Beispiels she explained the task with the aid of an example;
    [bar] auf die \Hand ( fam) cash in hand;
    das Bestechungsgeld wurde ihm bar auf die \Hand gezahlt the bribe was paid to him in cash;
    ich will die 10.000 Euro aber auf die \Hand I want the 10,000 euros in cash;
    aus der \Hand offhand;
    aus der \Hand weiß ich auch keine Antwort I don't know the answer offhand either;
    als Lehrerin muss man in der Lage sein, Schülern etwas aus der \Hand erklären zu können as a teacher you have to be able to explain something to pupils straight off the bat;
    \Hand in \Hand hand in hand;
    sie gingen \Hand in \Hand spazieren they went for a walk hand in hand;
    unter der \Hand secretly, on the quiet ( fam)
    etw unter der \Hand erfahren to hear sth through the grapevine;
    von \Hand by hand;
    ein von \Hand geschriebener Lebenslauf a handwritten curriculum vitae;
    von jds \Hand ( geh) at sb's hand ( form)
    von jds \Hand sterben to die at sb's hand;
    zu jds Händen;
    zu Händen von jdm for the attention of sb, attn: sb;
    „An Fa. Duss & Dümmler GmbH & Co KG, zu Händen von Herrn Weissner“ Duss & Dümmler GmbH & Co. KG. Attn: Mr. Weissner

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Hand

  • 20 primero

    adj.
    first, prime, foremost.
    adv.
    first, in the first place, firstly, for one thing.
    * * *
    1 first
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 first
    \
    a primeros de mes/año at the beginning of the month/year
    lo primero es lo primero first things first Table 1 NOTA Before singular masculine nouns the form primer is used /Table 1
    ————————
    * * *
    1. (f. - primera)
    adj.
    2. (f. - primera)
    noun
    3. adv.
    * * *
    primero, -a
    1. ADJ
    ( antes de sm sing primer)
    1) [en el espacio] [página, planta] first; [fila] front, first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the first o (EEUU) second floor

    una foto en primera página — a front-page photo, a photo on the front page

    • estar primero — [en una cola] to be first; [en importancia] to come first

    perdone, pero yo estaba primero — excuse me, but I was first

    plana 1), plano 2., 3)
    2) [en el tiempo] [día, semana, fase] first; [época, poemas] early; [síntoma] first, early

    • en los primeros años del siglo — in the early years of the century

    • a primera hora (de la mañana) — first thing in the morning

    • en primer lugar — [dentro de un orden] first of all; [para dar énfasis] in the first place

    en primer lugar, tú no deberías haber dicho nada — in the first place, you shouldn't have said anything

    hora 2), b), guerra 1)
    3) (=principal) [deber, objetivo] main, primary

    artículos de primera necesidad — basic essentials, staple items

    • primer actor — leading man

    • primera actriz — leading lady

    • primeros auxilios — first aid

    • de primera categoría — first-class

    un puerto de primera categoría — (Ciclismo) a first-category climb

    • primer espada — (Taur) principal bullfighter

    • primer violín — (=concertino) leader; [de sección] first violin

    bailarín, dama, mandatario, ministro, piedra
    2.
    SM / F first

    soy el primero de la lista — I'm top of the list, I'm first on the list

    quedó entre los diez primeros — he was in o among the first ten

    es la primera de la clase — she is the best in the class, she is top of the class

    bueno 1., 9), vista 1., 6), d), primera
    3. SM
    1)

    • a primeros (de mes) — at the beginning of the month

    2) (tb: primer plato) starter, first course

    ¿qué van a tomar de primero? — what will you have as a starter o for the first course?

    4. ADV
    1) (=en primer lugar) first

    primero iremos a comprar y luego al cine — first, we'll do the shopping and then go to the cinema

    2) [indicando preferencia] sooner, rather

    primero se queda en casa que pedir dinero — she'd sooner o rather stay at home than ask for money

    ¡primero morir! — I'd rather die!

    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo/pronombre [ primer is used before masculine singular nouns]
    1) (en el espacio, el tiempo) first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    en primer lugar... — first (of all),..., firstly,...

    sus primeros poemas — her early o first poems

    1o de julio — (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first)

    Olaf I — (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)

    2) (en calidad, jerarquía)

    de primera categoría — first-class, first-rate

    de primera — first-class, first-rate

    3) (básico, fundamental)

    lo primero es... — the most important thing is...

    II
    1) ( en el tiempo) first
    * * *
    = early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], first (1st), foremost, first ever, topmost [top most], top-of-mind.
    Ex. Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex. The first objective, however, is best satisfied by the second policy.
    Ex. Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.
    Ex. In April 1993 the first ever computer crime legislation came into existence in Hong Kong.
    Ex. Thus each heap was delivered to the warehouseman with the final impressions of both formes on the topmost sheet.
    Ex. Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.
    ----
    * alumno de primer año = first grader.
    * alumno de primer curso = first grader.
    * alumno de primero = first grader.
    * amor a primera vista = love at first sight.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.
    * asiento de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * atacar primero = preemptive strike.
    * botiquín de primeros auxilios = first-aid kit.
    * butaca de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * cabo primero = lance corporal.
    * causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.
    * causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * con el primer intento = at the first shot.
    * conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de primera = best-quality, top-notch, blue chip [blue-chip], prime, tip-top, first-rate.
    * de primera calidad = premium, premier.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de primera línea = first-line.
    * de primera magnitud = fully blown.
    * de primera mano = at first hand, first-hand [firsthand], first-person.
    * de primera persona = first-person.
    * de primeras = at first sight, on the face of it, at first glance, first-blush, up-front [up front].
    * de primer grado = in the first degree.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * de primer orden = first-order [1st-order], world-class, blue chip [blue-chip].
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * desde el primer día = from day one.
    * desde el primer momento = from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde los primeros tiempos = since the earliest of times, from earliest times.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * desventaja del primero que hace Algo = first-mover disadvantage, first-mover advantage.
    * dilema de qué es primero el huevo o la gallina = chicken and egg situation.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * el primer intento = the first time around.
    * el primer + Nombre = the earliest + Nombre.
    * el primero mencionado = former.
    * encargado de prestar los primeros auxilios = first aider.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en los primeros años de = early in.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en primera instancia = in the first instance.
    * en primera línea = in the front line, first-line, on the front line.
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * experiencia de primera mano = first-hand experience.
    * hacer los primeros pinitos = take + the first step.
    * inicial del primer nombre de pila = first initial.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * la primera tentativa = the first time around.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * lo primero = for one, first off.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * pasar al primer plano = take + centre stage.
    * poner en primer plano = foreground.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * Posesivo + primeros pinitos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * primera cita = first date.
    * primera comunión = first communion.
    * primera división = premiership.
    * Primera División, la = First Division, the.
    * Primera Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * Primera Enmienda, la = First Amendment, the.
    * primera época, la = early days, the.
    * primera escena, la = opening scene, the.
    * primera etapa = early days.
    * Primera Guerra Mundial = First World War (World War I), World War I [First World War].
    * primera impresión = first impression.
    * primera infancia = babyhood, early childhood.
    * primera línea = front-line [front line], front-line, forefront.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * primera manga = first leg, away game.
    * primera medida = initial step.
    * primer antepasado = primogenitor.
    * primer año de carrera = freshman year.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * primera palabra del encabezamiento = entry word.
    * primera parada = first stop.
    * primera persona = first person.
    * primera plana = front page [front-page].
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start.
    * primera prensada = first cold press.
    * primera referencia = first stop.
    * primera reunión = starter meeting.
    * primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.
    * primeras palabras = opening statement.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * primer aviso = smoke signal.
    * primer curso = first grade.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * primer heredero = heir apparent [heiress apparent].
    * primer indicio = smoke signal.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * primer meridiano = prime meridian.
    * primer ministro = Premier, prime minister.
    * primer molar = six-year molar.
    * primer molar permanente = first molar.
    * primero en hacer Algo = first mover.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * primero entre pares = first among equals.
    * primero, lo = first thing, the.
    * primero que nada = first off.
    * primeros auxilios = first-aid.
    * primeros impresos = early imprints.
    * primero y principal = first and foremost.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * primer plano = close up, foreground, limelight, centre stage, forefront.
    * primer plato = side entrée.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * primer punto de contacto = port of first call.
    * primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.
    * primer recurso = first recourse.
    * primer y segundo plato = main dish.
    * proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * relato de primera mano = eyewitness report, eyewitness account, first-hand account.
    * sala de primeros auxilios = emergency room.
    * sargento primero = lance sergeant.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.
    * ser de primera categoría = be top notch.
    * ser el primero = be second to none, come out on + top.
    * ser el primero en = lead + the way in.
    * ser el primero en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-ranked, top-rated.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la maña = an early morning + Nombre.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * visión de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside view.
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo/pronombre [ primer is used before masculine singular nouns]
    1) (en el espacio, el tiempo) first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    en primer lugar... — first (of all),..., firstly,...

    sus primeros poemas — her early o first poems

    1o de julio — (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first)

    Olaf I — (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)

    2) (en calidad, jerarquía)

    de primera categoría — first-class, first-rate

    de primera — first-class, first-rate

    3) (básico, fundamental)

    lo primero es... — the most important thing is...

    II
    1) ( en el tiempo) first
    * * *
    = early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], first (1st), foremost, first ever, topmost [top most], top-of-mind.

    Ex: Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.

    Ex: The first objective, however, is best satisfied by the second policy.
    Ex: Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.
    Ex: In April 1993 the first ever computer crime legislation came into existence in Hong Kong.
    Ex: Thus each heap was delivered to the warehouseman with the final impressions of both formes on the topmost sheet.
    Ex: Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.
    * alumno de primer año = first grader.
    * alumno de primer curso = first grader.
    * alumno de primero = first grader.
    * amor a primera vista = love at first sight.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.
    * asiento de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * atacar primero = preemptive strike.
    * botiquín de primeros auxilios = first-aid kit.
    * butaca de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * cabo primero = lance corporal.
    * causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.
    * causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * con el primer intento = at the first shot.
    * conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de primera = best-quality, top-notch, blue chip [blue-chip], prime, tip-top, first-rate.
    * de primera calidad = premium, premier.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de primera línea = first-line.
    * de primera magnitud = fully blown.
    * de primera mano = at first hand, first-hand [firsthand], first-person.
    * de primera persona = first-person.
    * de primeras = at first sight, on the face of it, at first glance, first-blush, up-front [up front].
    * de primer grado = in the first degree.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * de primer orden = first-order [1st-order], world-class, blue chip [blue-chip].
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * desde el primer día = from day one.
    * desde el primer momento = from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde los primeros tiempos = since the earliest of times, from earliest times.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * desventaja del primero que hace Algo = first-mover disadvantage, first-mover advantage.
    * dilema de qué es primero el huevo o la gallina = chicken and egg situation.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * el primer intento = the first time around.
    * el primer + Nombre = the earliest + Nombre.
    * el primero mencionado = former.
    * encargado de prestar los primeros auxilios = first aider.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en los primeros años de = early in.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en primera instancia = in the first instance.
    * en primera línea = in the front line, first-line, on the front line.
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * experiencia de primera mano = first-hand experience.
    * hacer los primeros pinitos = take + the first step.
    * inicial del primer nombre de pila = first initial.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * la primera tentativa = the first time around.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * lo primero = for one, first off.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * pasar al primer plano = take + centre stage.
    * poner en primer plano = foreground.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * Posesivo + primeros pinitos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * primera cita = first date.
    * primera comunión = first communion.
    * primera división = premiership.
    * Primera División, la = First Division, the.
    * Primera Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * Primera Enmienda, la = First Amendment, the.
    * primera época, la = early days, the.
    * primera escena, la = opening scene, the.
    * primera etapa = early days.
    * Primera Guerra Mundial = First World War (World War I), World War I [First World War].
    * primera impresión = first impression.
    * primera infancia = babyhood, early childhood.
    * primera línea = front-line [front line], front-line, forefront.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * primera manga = first leg, away game.
    * primera medida = initial step.
    * primer antepasado = primogenitor.
    * primer año de carrera = freshman year.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * primera palabra del encabezamiento = entry word.
    * primera parada = first stop.
    * primera persona = first person.
    * primera plana = front page [front-page].
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start.
    * primera prensada = first cold press.
    * primera referencia = first stop.
    * primera reunión = starter meeting.
    * primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.
    * primeras palabras = opening statement.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * primer aviso = smoke signal.
    * primer curso = first grade.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * primer heredero = heir apparent [heiress apparent].
    * primer indicio = smoke signal.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * primer meridiano = prime meridian.
    * primer ministro = Premier, prime minister.
    * primer molar = six-year molar.
    * primer molar permanente = first molar.
    * primero en hacer Algo = first mover.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * primero entre pares = first among equals.
    * primero, lo = first thing, the.
    * primero que nada = first off.
    * primeros auxilios = first-aid.
    * primeros impresos = early imprints.
    * primero y principal = first and foremost.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * primer plano = close up, foreground, limelight, centre stage, forefront.
    * primer plato = side entrée.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * primer punto de contacto = port of first call.
    * primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.
    * primer recurso = first recourse.
    * primer y segundo plato = main dish.
    * proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * relato de primera mano = eyewitness report, eyewitness account, first-hand account.
    * sala de primeros auxilios = emergency room.
    * sargento primero = lance sergeant.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.
    * ser de primera categoría = be top notch.
    * ser el primero = be second to none, come out on + top.
    * ser el primero en = lead + the way in.
    * ser el primero en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-ranked, top-rated.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la maña = an early morning + Nombre.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * visión de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside view.

    * * *
    primero1 -ra
    adjective / pronoun
    A [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ], [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (en el espacio, el tiempo) first
    vivo en el primer piso I live on the second ( AmE) o ( BrE) first floor
    en primer lugar vamos a analizar … first (of all) o firstly, we are going to analyze …
    las diez primeras páginas the first ten pages
    sus primeros poemas her early o first poems
    1º de julio/octubre (read as: primero de julio/octubre) 1st July/October, July/October 1st
    Olaf Iº (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)
    estaba sentado en (la) primera fila he was sitting in the front row
    en las primeras horas de la madrugada de ayer in the early hours of yesterday morning
    mañana a primera hora first thing tomorrow
    soy el primero en reconocerlo I am the first to admit it
    Compuestos:
    ( Relig) feminine first communion
    hacer la primeroa comunión to take one's first communion
    feminine elementary o ( BrE) primary education
    maestro de primeroa enseñanza elementary o primary school teacher
    feminine early childhood
    feminine foundation stone
    feminine front page
    salió en primeroa plana en todos los periódicos it made front-page news o the headlines in all the newspapers, it was on the front page of all the newspapers
    masculine New Year's Day
    mpl first aid
    ( Fot) masculine close-up, close-up shot
    en primer plano ( Art) in the foreground
    masculine first course, starter
    B
    (en calidad, jerarquía): un artículo de primerísima calidad a top-quality product, a product of the very finest o highest quality
    de primera categoría first-class, first-rate
    es el primero de la clase he is top of the class
    es el primer atleta del país he is the country's top athlete
    la primera empresa mundial en el campo de la electrónica the world's leading electronics company
    de primera ‹comida/cantante› first-class, first-rate
    sólo vendemos productos de primera we sell only products of the finest o highest quality
    un corte de carne de primera a prime cut of meat
    Compuestos:
    ● primer actor, primera actriz
    ( masculine) leading man; ( feminine) leading lady
    feminine First Lady
    ● primer bailarín, primera bailarina
    ( masculine) leading dancer; ( feminine) prima ballerina
    ( Taur) masculine principal bullfighter
    ● primer magistrado, primera magistrada
    masculine, feminine mandatario m,f A. (↑ mandatario)
    ● primer mandatario, primera mandataria
    ( period) masculine, feminine head of state
    la entrevista entre ambos primeros mandatarios the meeting between the two heads of state
    el primer mandatario estadounidense the president of the United States
    ● primer ministro, primera ministra
    masculine, feminine Prime Minister
    masculine and feminine First Secretary
    masculine and feminine concertmaster ( AmE), leader (of the orchestra)
    los primeros violines the first violins
    C
    (básico, fundamental): nuestro primer objetivo es … our primary objective is …
    lo primero es asegurarnos de que no corren peligro the essential o most important thing is to make sure they are not in any danger
    ¿por qué no haces primero los deberes? why don't you do your homework first?
    B
    (en importancia): estar primero to come first
    para mí primero está mi familia as far as I'm concerned my family comes first
    C
    (para expresar preferencia): primero se queda sin comer que pedirle dinero she would sooner o rather go hungry than ask him for money
    * * *

     

    primero
    ◊ -ra adjetivo/pronombre primer is used before masculine singular nouns

    1 (en el espacio, el tiempo) first;
    ◊ el primer piso the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor;

    en primer lugar … first (of all), …, firstly, …;
    1o de julio (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first);
    Olaf I (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First);
    a primeras horas de la madrugada in the early hours of the morning;
    primera plana front page;
    primeros auxilios sustantivo masculino plural
    first aid;
    primer plano (Fot) close-up (shot)
    2 (en calidad, jerarquía):

    de primera (categoría) first-class, first-rate;
    es el primero de la clase he is top of the class;
    primer ministro Prime Minister
    3 (básico, fundamental):

    artículos de primera necesidad basic necessities;
    lo primero es … the most important thing is …
    ■ adverbio
    1 ( en el tiempo) first
    2 ( en importancia):

    primero,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (en el espacio, en el tiempo) first
    primera fila, front row
    en los primeros años, in the early years
    2 (en calidad, en categoría) first: es el primer actor de la compañía, he's the company's top actor
    3 (en importancia) basic, primary
    un artículo de primera necesidad, an essential item
    II adverbio (orden) first: primero, iremos al supermercado, first, we'll go to the supermarket
    ♦ Locuciones: a primeros, at the beginning of
    a la primera de cambio, as soon as one has the opportunity, given half a chance: no está a gusto en la empresa, así que se irá a la primera de cambio, he's not happy at his company, so he plans to leave as soon as he has the chance
    de buenas a primeras, suddenly, unexpectedly
    lo primero es lo primero, first things first
    ' primero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ir
    - más
    - originaria
    - originario
    - primer
    - primera
    - residir
    - sucesión
    - trigésima
    - trigésimo
    - ante
    - estudio
    - luego
    - mayo
    - ocurrir
    - vigésimo
    English:
    after
    - born
    - come
    - first
    - former
    - go before
    - initial
    - intro
    - leader
    - LIFO
    - original
    - premier
    - prime
    - raise
    - stationary
    - to
    - year
    - consult
    - head
    - lieutenant
    - May
    - payable
    - pioneer
    - put
    - space
    - start
    - the
    * * *
    primero, -a Primer is used instead of primero before singular masculine nouns (e.g. el primer hombre the first man).
    ♦ núm adj
    1. [en orden] first;
    el primer capítulo, el capítulo primero chapter one;
    los primeros diez párrafos, los diez párrafos primeros the first ten paragraphs;
    Carlos primero [escrito Carlos I] Charles the First [written Charles I];
    el siglo primero [también escrito el siglo I] the first century [written 1st century];
    el primer piso the Br first o US second floor;
    a primera hora de la mañana first thing in the morning;
    en primera fila in the front row;
    en primer lugar, abre la caja first (of all), open the box;
    en primera página on the front page
    primeros auxilios first aid; Dep la primera base [posición] first base; Dep primera base [jugador] first base;
    primera comunión first communion;
    hacer la primera comunión to celebrate one's first communion;
    primera división first division;
    Dep primer equipo first team; Mil primera línea front line;
    estar en primera línea [de batalla] to be on the front line;
    [entre los mejores] to be amongst the best;
    primer plano close-up;
    en primer plano in the foreground;
    primer plato first course, starter
    2. [en importancia, calidad] main;
    la primera empresa del sector the leading company in the sector;
    el primer tenista del país the country's top tennis player;
    uno de los primeros objetivos del gobierno one of the government's main aims;
    el primer actor the leading man;
    la primera actriz the leading lady;
    productos de primera calidad top-quality products;
    deportistas de primera clase o [m5] categoría o [m5] fila top-class sportsmen;
    productos de primera necesidad basic necessities;
    lo primero the most important o main thing;
    lo primero es lo primero first things first
    primer bailarín leading dancer;
    primera bailarina prima ballerina;
    primera dama Teatro leading lady;
    Pol [esposa del presidente] first lady; Taurom primer espada principal bullfighter;
    primer ministro prime minister;
    RP primera magistratura presidency;
    primer violín first violin
    ♦ núm nm,f
    1. [en orden]
    el primero the first one;
    el primero fue bueno the first one was good;
    llegó el primero he came first;
    el primero de la cola the person at the front of the Br queue o US line;
    ¿quién es el primero de la cola? who's first?;
    es el primero de la clase he's top of the class;
    él fue el primero en venir he was the first (person o one) to come;
    no eres el primero que me pregunta eso you're not the first person to ask me that
    2. [mencionado antes]
    vinieron Pedro y Juan, el primero con… Pedro and Juan arrived, the former with…
    ♦ adv
    1. [en primer lugar] first;
    primero déjame que te explique una cosa let me explain something to you first;
    usted estaba primero you were in front of me o first;
    ¿quién va o [m5] está primero? who's first?;
    Am
    primero que nada first of all
    2. [indica preferencia]
    primero… que… rather… than…;
    primero morir que traicionarle I'd rather die than betray him
    ♦ nm
    1. [piso] Br first floor, US second floor
    2. [curso universitario] first year;
    estoy en primero I'm a first year
    3. [curso escolar] = first year of primary school, US ≈ first grade
    4. [día del mes]
    el primero de mayo [también escrito el 1 de mayo] the first of May [written 1 May]
    5. [en frases]
    a primeros de mes/año at the beginning of the month/year;
    a primeros de junio at the beginning of June, in early June;
    de primero [de primer plato] for starters
    * * *
    I adj first
    II m, primera f first (one);
    a primeros de enero at the beginning of January;
    el primero de mayo the first of May;
    ser el primero de la clase be top of the class
    III pron
    :
    lo primero (lo más importante) the most important thing
    IV adv
    1 en posición first
    2 ( primeramente) first of all
    * * *
    primero adv
    1) : first
    2) : rather, sooner
    1) : first
    2) : top, leading
    3) : fundamental, basic
    4)
    de primera : first-rate
    primero, -ra n
    : first
    * * *
    primero1 adj pron
    1. (en orden) first
    a primeros de... at the beginning of...
    primero2 adv first

    Spanish-English dictionary > primero

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